Lev Mikhailovich Zhiltsov(February 2, 1928, Nakhabino, Moscow region - February 28, 1996, Moscow) - Hero of the Soviet Union, rear admiral, commander of the first Soviet nuclear submarine.

Biography

In 1935, the family moved to Ivanteevka, Moscow region.

In 1942 he entered the Moscow Naval Special School.

After graduating from the Caspian Higher Naval School in 1949, he served as a navigator, then as an assistant commander on the small submarine M-113 in the Black Sea Fleet.

In 1951, Senior Lieutenant Zhiltsov was sent to study in Leningrad for higher diving courses, which he graduated with honors and in 1952 was appointed assistant commander of the medium submarine S-61.

In August 1954, Lev Mikhailovich was appointed senior assistant commander of the first nuclear submarine being built at plant No. 402 in Severodvinsk.

In June 1959, Lev Mikhailovich Zhiltsov was awarded the Order of Lenin for his active participation in the creation of the first nuclear submarine and in the same year he was appointed its commander.

In the summer of 1962, the nuclear submarine Leninsky Komsomol, under the command of Captain 2nd Rank Lev Mikhailovich Zhiltsov, made a passage under the pack ice of the Arctic Ocean and on July 17, having chosen a suitable ice hole, surfaced in close proximity to the North Pole, demonstrating the technical capabilities of the young nuclear fleet of the USSR and high skill of Soviet submariners. For this campaign, unprecedented at that time (at that time, raids of nuclear submarines were compared to flights into space), on July 20, 1962, by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Lev Mikhailovich Zhiltsov was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union (medal No. 11122).

In 1963, Lev Mikhailovich entered the Naval Academy, after which, in 1966, he was appointed deputy commander of a separate brigade of submarines of the Baltic Fleet.

In 1975, he was awarded the rank of rear admiral.

Since 1976, he served on the Permanent Commission for State Acceptance of Navy Ships.

In 1987 he resigned.

Memory

In 1988, Lev Mikhailovich Zhiltsov was awarded the title “Honorary Citizen of the City of Ivanteevka.”

In 1997, to commemorate the 35th anniversary of the ascent to the North Pole of the nuclear submarine "Leninsky Komsomol" under the command of Lev Mikhailovich Zhiltsov, in the city of Ivanteevka at the house where Lev Mikhailovich Zhiltsov spent his childhood at the address: st. Pervomaiskaya, 30/2, a memorial plaque was unveiled and one city street began to bear the name of Admiral Zhiltsov.

In the city of Severodvinsk, at house No. 69 on Tortseva Street, where L. M. Zhiltsov lived, a memorial plaque was also unveiled.

Achievements

Memorial plaque in Ivanteevka, Moscow region

The memorial plaque was installed on house No. 69 on the street. Tortseva in Severodvinsk

(1996-02-27 ) (68 years old) A place of death Affiliation

USSR USSR

Type of army Rank

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Commanded Awards and prizes

Lev Mikhailovich Zhiltsov(February 2, Nakhabino, Moscow region - February 27, Moscow) - Hero of the Soviet Union, rear admiral, commander of the first Soviet nuclear submarine.

Biography

Memory

Excerpt characterizing Zhiltsov, Lev Mikhailovich

Natasha flushed. - I don’t want to marry anyone. I'll tell him the same thing when I see him.
- That's how it is! - said Rostov.
“Well, yes, it’s all nothing,” Natasha continued to chatter. - Why is Denisov good? – she asked.
- Good.
- Well, goodbye, get dressed. Is he scary, Denisov?
- Why is it scary? – asked Nicholas. - No. Vaska is nice.
- You call him Vaska - strange. And that he is very good?
- Very good.
- Well, come quickly and drink tea. Together.
And Natasha stood on tiptoe and walked out of the room the way dancers do, but smiling the way only happy 15-year-old girls smile. Having met Sonya in the living room, Rostov blushed. He didn't know how to deal with her. Yesterday they kissed in the first minute of the joy of their date, but today they felt that it was impossible to do this; he felt that everyone, his mother and sisters, looked at him questioningly and expected from him how he would behave with her. He kissed her hand and called her you - Sonya. But their eyes, having met, said “you” to each other and kissed tenderly. With her gaze she asked him for forgiveness for the fact that at Natasha’s embassy she dared to remind him of his promise and thanked him for his love. With his gaze he thanked her for the offer of freedom and said that one way or another, he would never stop loving her, because it was impossible not to love her.
“How strange it is,” said Vera, choosing a general moment of silence, “that Sonya and Nikolenka now met like strangers.” – Vera’s remark was fair, like all her comments; but like most of her remarks, everyone felt awkward, and not only Sonya, Nikolai and Natasha, but also the old countess, who was afraid of this son’s love for Sonya, which could deprive him of a brilliant party, also blushed like a girl. Denisov, to Rostov’s surprise, in a new uniform, pomaded and perfumed, appeared in the living room as dandy as he was in battle, and as amiable with ladies and gentlemen as Rostov had never expected to see him.

Returning to Moscow from the army, Nikolai Rostov was accepted by his family as the best son, hero and beloved Nikolushka; relatives - as a sweet, pleasant and respectful young man; acquaintances - like a handsome hussar lieutenant, a deft dancer and one of the best grooms in Moscow.
The Rostovs knew all of Moscow; this year the old count had enough money, because all his estates had been re-mortgaged, and therefore Nikolushka, having got his own trotter and the most fashionable leggings, special ones that no one else in Moscow had, and boots, the most fashionable, with the most pointed socks and little silver spurs, had a lot of fun. Rostov, returning home, experienced a pleasant feeling after some period of time trying on himself to the old living conditions. It seemed to him that he had matured and grown very much. Despair for failing to pass an exam according to the law of God, borrowing money from Gavrila for a cab driver, secret kisses with Sonya, he remembered all this as childishness, from which he was now immeasurably far away. Now he is a hussar lieutenant in a silver mentic, with a soldier's George, preparing his trotter to run, together with famous hunters, elderly, respectable. He knows a lady on the boulevard whom he goes to see in the evening. He conducted a mazurka at the Arkharovs’ ball, talked about the war with Field Marshal Kamensky, visited an English club, and was on friendly terms with a forty-year-old colonel whom Denisov introduced him to.
His passion for the sovereign weakened somewhat in Moscow, since during this time he did not see him. But he often talked about the sovereign, about his love for him, making it felt that he was not telling everything yet, that there was something else in his feelings for the sovereign that could not be understood by everyone; and with all my heart he shared the general feeling of adoration in Moscow at that time for Emperor Alexander Pavlovich, who in Moscow at that time was given the name of an angel in the flesh.
During this short stay of Rostov in Moscow, before leaving for the army, he did not become close, but on the contrary, broke up with Sonya. She was very pretty, sweet, and obviously passionately in love with him; but he was in that time of youth when there seems to be so much to do that there is no time to do it, and the young man is afraid to get involved - he values ​​​​his freedom, which he needs for many other things. When he thought about Sonya during this new stay in Moscow, he said to himself: Eh! there will be many more, many more of these, somewhere, still unknown to me. I’ll still have time to make love when I want, but now there’s no time. In addition, it seemed to him that there was something humiliating for his courage in female society. He went to balls and sororities, pretending that he was doing it against his will. Running, an English club, carousing with Denisov, a trip there - that was another matter: it was befitting of a fine hussar.

August 6 and 9, 1945 are undoubtedly turning points in human history. The appearance of atomic weapons will upend the scale of established values ​​and change the way of thinking. We have the right to talk about the world before and after Hiroshima.

But all these changes, as well as the awareness of the revolution that has taken place, will come over the years. For now, humanity is simply shocked by the destruction of two Japanese cities and the death of thousands of civilians, which was not justified by any military considerations. It still does not realize that (as the English physicist P. Blackett would later say) the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was not so much the last military act of the Second World War as the first act of the Cold War against the Soviet Union.

“The United States is the most powerful nation today; there is no one stronger than it,” President Truman said. “With such power, we must take responsibility and lead the world.” In other words, America was determined to dictate its will to other countries, neutralizing possible contenders for world domination. The first of these contenders, of course, was the Soviet Union.

Immediately after the end of the war, Stalin made a lot of efforts to create a socialist camp in Eastern Europe. This worries the United States so much that Truman decides to use the atomic bomb in Europe in the event of “extraordinary circumstances.” Voices are increasingly being heard in the press and in military circles demanding that a preventive war be launched against the USSR while the possession of atomic weapons is a US monopoly. In 1953, the American administration officially adopted a new course, known as the policy from a position of strength and the strategy of “massive retaliation.”

US nuclear strategy in the post-war years

At first, long-range bombers were thought of as carriers of the atomic bomb. The United States has extensive experience in the combat use of this type of weapon, American strategic aviation had a reputation as the most powerful in the world, and finally, US territory was considered largely invulnerable to an enemy retaliatory strike.

However, the use of aircraft required their basing in close proximity to the borders of the USSR. As a result of the efforts made by American diplomats, already in July 1948 the Labor government agreed to station 60 B-29 bombers with atomic bombs on board in Great Britain. After the signing of the North Atlantic Pact in April 1949, all of Western Europe was drawn into the US nuclear strategy, and the number of American bases abroad reached 3,400 by the end of the 60s.

But gradually there is a growing understanding among the American military and politicians that the presence of aviation on foreign territory is in one way or another associated with the risk of changing the political situation in a particular country. Therefore, the navy is increasingly seen as a partner in the use of atomic weapons in a future war. This trend is finally strengthening after the convincing tests of atomic bombs at Bikini Atoll. The naval forces - at that time the US superiority in this type of troops was decisive - have since been entrusted with the implementation of major strategic tasks. They are already capable of directly influencing the course of the war.

It is important to emphasize here that the power of the American fleet was directed primarily against the shore - Pentagon strategists did not consider the Soviet navy as a rival.

Fundamental changes in views on the role and place of the Navy in war and on the significance of ocean theaters of military operations occurred in the second half of the 50s. Considering the balance of power in the international arena and the limited capabilities of the Soviet fleet, the Americans are relegating the traditional problem of protecting ocean communications to the background. In 1957, based on the report of the special commission “Poseidon”, this issue was classified as secondary. From now on, for the American military, the oceans became only vast launching pads for launching nuclear weapons carriers. At sea, no matter where they are, Americans feel at home.

The increased development of aviation and navy to the detriment of ground forces is clearly visible in the distribution of appropriations. From 1955 to 1959, 60% of funds for the purchase of new weapons were allocated to aviation, about 30% to the navy and marines, and only about 10% to the army.

The “massive retaliation” strategy developed in the United States is being transformed within NATO into the “sword and shield” strategy. The role of the “sword” is assigned to US strategic aviation and strike aircraft carriers, while the “shield” is the armed forces of the North Atlantic Treaty countries deployed in Europe. It was assumed that the bloc's armed forces would use nuclear weapons regardless of whether the enemy would take such a measure. In relation to the Soviet Union, the conduct of military operations without the use of an atomic bomb was practically excluded.

This military policy remained important until the early 60s. Only the Kennedy administration undertook a partial revision of the strategic line, having been able to correctly assess the changes that had occurred in the balance of power on the world stage.

The main reason for these changes was the growth of the military power of the USSR. This is not the place to talk about the cost at which it was achieved; however, there is no doubt that the economic development of the country was sacrificed to this political choice. The purpose of the book is to tell about one of the decisive episodes in the struggle between the USSR and the USA for military superiority and about the people whose dedication made it possible to restore balance, regardless of any hardships.

But first, let’s see what the USSR could oppose to the military power of the United States.

Before the war, the USSR had one of the most powerful submarine fleets - 218 boats. Their superiority was especially impressive in the Baltic Sea - 75 Soviet submarines against five German ones. In the first months of the war, Soviet submarines were subjected to massive attacks by the German fleet and aircraft, and some of them were trapped in the Gulf of Finland by minefields. The submarine fleet suffered heavy losses in the Black Sea and in the North. As a result, the picture in 1945 was dismal, especially compared to the increasingly powerful US Navy.

“During the Second World War, after the treacherous Japanese attack on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaii Islands), the construction time for submarines in the United States was reduced by almost half. The duration of construction of one diesel submarine by the Americans was six to seven months. By the end of the war, the United States of America had 236 diesel-electric submarines in service.

During the Second World War, Japan built 114 submarines, by the time of surrender it consisted of 162 submarines, 130 units were destroyed...

Great Britain lost 80 submarines during World War II.

In Germany, during the six years of World War II, 1,160 submarines operated, of which it lost 651 submarines as a result of combat operations, and 98 units were scuttled by the crews during the surrender of Germany.

During the Second World War, the Germans monthly launched and commissioned an average of 25 submarines into the Navy, and in four months of 1945 - 35 units.

During the Second World War, submarines of the warring countries sank 5,000 ships and ships with a total displacement of 20,000,000 tons.”

Stalin knew very well that several dozen German submarines almost brought Great Britain to its knees, sinking about 2,700 ships. Modern battleships, such as the Bismarck and the Repulse, lost the battle to the modest submarines. That is why, after the creation of the atomic bomb in the USSR, priority was given to the massive construction of submarines to neutralize the maritime threat. According to some sources, Stalin's original plan called for the construction of 1,200 boats.

Zhiltsov Lev Mikhailovich

(1928–1996)

Hero of the Soviet Union (1962), rear admiral, submariner.

Born on February 2, 1928 in the village. Nakhabino is now Krasnogorsk district, Moscow region. in a working-class family. Russian.

Secondary education.

In the Soviet Army since 1945. Graduated from the Leningrad Naval Preparatory School, and then in 1949 from the Caspian Higher Naval School. Member of the CPSU since 1958

He was the senior assistant to the commander of the first Soviet nuclear submarine. July 17, 1962 nuclear submarine K-3 "Leninsky Komsomol" under the command of captain 2nd rank L.M. For the first time in the history of the Russian fleet, Zhiltsova surfaced in the North Pole area. Carrying out the task of the Soviet government, the nuclear submarine "Leninsky Komsomol" twice visited the North Pole under multi-meter ice of the Arctic. For the exemplary performance of the assigned task in difficult diving conditions and the courage, perseverance and high skill in mastering the latest military equipment demonstrated by the submarine commander, captain 2nd rank L.M. On July 20, 1962, Zhiltsov was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union.

In 1966 L.M. Zhiltsov graduated from the command department of the Naval Order of Lenin Academy. He held various command positions in the Baltic and Northern fleets.

Since 1977, Rear Admiral L.M. Residents in stock. He worked in the state acceptance commission of Navy ships.

He was awarded two Orders of Lenin, "For Service to the Motherland in the USSR Armed Forces" 3rd degree, the Red Star, and medals.

The combat path of the Soviet Navy. 4th ed., rev. and additional M., 1988, p. 10, 502.
Varganov Yu.V. and others. Naval Academy in the service of the Fatherland. Mozhaisk, 2001, p. 152–153, 238.
Varganov Yu.V. Fleet engineers. L., 1973, p. 162.
Naval Academy. 2nd ed., rev. and additional L., 1991, p. 316.
Military sailors - heroes of the underwater depths (1938–2005) / T.V. Polukhina, I.A. Belova, S.V. Vlasyuk et al. M.-Kronstadt: Kuchkovo Pole, Morskaya Gazeta, 2006, p. 102–105.
Gerasimenko D.Ya. etc. The Northern Fleet is glorified by its heroes. 2nd ed., add. Murmansk, 1982, p. 194–195.
Heroes of the fiery years. Book 6. M., 1983, p. 594–602.
Heroes of the Soviet Union. T. 1. M., 1987, p. 504.
Hero ships. M., 1970, p. 222–225.
A red star. 2002. July 17.
Biographical marine dictionary. St. Petersburg, 2000, p. 146.
Steps into immortality. M., 1965, p. 332–339.

AND Iltsov Lev Mikhailovich – commander of the nuclear submarine (NPS) “K-3” of the 3rd submarine division of the Northern Fleet, captain of the 2nd rank.

Born on February 2, 1928 in the city of Nakhabino, Moscow Region, into the family of a worker who later died at the front during the Great Patriotic War. Russian. Since 1935 he lived in the working-class village of Ivanteevka (since 1938 - a city in the Moscow region). Secondary education: graduated from the Leningrad Naval Preparatory School in 1945.

In the Navy since 1945. He graduated from the Caspian Higher Naval School in 1949. He began his service in the Black Sea Fleet as a navigator, navigator and assistant commander of the M-113 submarine.

Upon completion of the Leningrad Higher Submarine Courses, he was appointed assistant commander of the S-61 submarine, and in August 1954, senior assistant commander of the first nuclear-powered cruising submarine of Project 627 “Kit” under construction in the Soviet Union (commander 1st-rank captain Osipenko L .G.), which received tactical number “K-3” in March 1957. Member of the CPSU in 1958-1991.

In December 1959 L.M. Zhiltsov was appointed commander of the nuclear submarine K-3 (Northern Fleet). Under his command, from July 11 to July 21, 1962, the nuclear submarine "K-3" made the first voyage in the history of the USSR Navy (the voyage commander and senior on board was Rear Admiral A.I. Petelin) under the multi-meter ice of the Arctic Ocean and on July 18, 1962 , having chosen a suitable wormwood, surfaced in close proximity to the North Pole, demonstrating the technical capabilities of the young Soviet nuclear fleet and the high skill of North Sea submariners.

Z and exemplary performance of the assigned task in complex and difficult diving conditions and the courage, fortitude and high skill shown in mastering the latest military equipment by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated July 20, 1962 to a captain of the 2nd rank Zhiltsov Lev Mikhailovich awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union with the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal.

In 1966 he graduated from the Naval Academy. Since 1966 - deputy commander of a separate brigade of submarines of the twice Red Banner Baltic Fleet (Tallinn). Since March 1971 - commander of the 203rd separate brigade of repair submarines of the Northern Fleet, since October 1974 - commander of the 339th separate brigade of the White Sea naval base of the Northern Fleet. Since 1976, Rear Admiral Zhiltsov L.M. – member of the Standing Commission, authorized and senior authorized representative of the State Acceptance of Ships of the USSR Navy. Since 1977 - in reserve, and since December 1986 - retired.

Lived in the hero city of Moscow. Died on February 28, 1996. He was buried at the Troekurovskoye cemetery in Moscow (section 3).

Rear Admiral (04/25/1975). He was awarded two Orders of Lenin (1959, 1962), Orders of the Red Star (1981), “For Service to the Motherland in the Armed Forces of the USSR” 3rd degree (1976), and medals.

Honorary citizen of the city of Ivanteevka (1988). A street in Ivanteevka was named after him (1997).

In 1997, to commemorate the 35th anniversary of the surfacing of the nuclear submarine "Leninsky Komsomol" at the North Pole under the command of Zhiltsov, in the city of Ivanteevka, a memorial plaque and one street The city began to bear the name of Admiral Zhiltsov.

THE FIRST CAMPAIGN OF A DOMESTIC NUCLEAR SUBMARINE TO THE NORTH POLE

Attempts to reach the North Pole have a long history. They were made by sailors trained as navigators, enthusiastic athletes, and research scientists. The first attempt to reach the Pole by submarine was made in 1931 by American explorer Hubert Wilkins. It ended in failure due to breakdowns. The Americans were the first to explore the extreme northern latitudes using nuclear submarines, including missile-carrying ones. Thus, in November 1960, the missile carrier George Washington made a long voyage in the waters of the Arctic basin. It was the intensive development of the Arctic by the United States of America, clearly not only for scientific purposes, that forced the leadership of the Soviet Union to take retaliatory measures.

The issue of preparing the campaign of Soviet sailors to the North Pole was resolved even before the first domestic nuclear submarine K-3, which later received the name “Leninsky Komsomol,” was put into trial operation (December 1958). It should be noted that not only she was preparing for the same trip, but the choice of the K-3 was due to the higher level of special training of its crew compared to other nuclear submarines.

To participate in the campaign, a scientific group was formed from representatives of the Navy and industry, led by Captain 2nd Rank A.V. Fedotov (later rear admiral). The senior person from industry was the chief designer of one of the defense enterprises V.I. Maslevsky, and the senior navigator was the flagship navigator of the nuclear submarine flotilla, Captain 1st Rank D.E. Erdman (later rear admiral). The campaign was led by the commander of the flotilla of nuclear submarines, Rear Admiral A.I. Petelin (later vice admiral), crewed by captain 2nd rank L.M. Zhiltsov (later rear admiral).

The campaign took place from July 11 to July 21, 1962. At a latitude of 75°, the submarine headed north to develop gyroazimuth corrections. When crossing the 80°N parallel, the navigation systems were transferred to work in a system of quasi-geographical coordinates with automatic manual course plotting in two posts (in the chart room and in the first compartment); graphs of course differences between the “average compass” and the “average gyroazimuth” were continuously kept, as well as between them and each individual course indicator, including the magnetic compass. The measured depth under the keel was also continuously recorded by recorders of alternately operating echo sounders and the profile of the lower surface of the ice by alternately operating echo ice meters.

In addition, continuously operating television equipment and a periscope were used to monitor ice conditions. The latter, naturally, was lowered with the sighting prism installed at the zenith; the observer was in the hold. When a hole appeared, its size was estimated using a stopwatch, taking into account the speed of the nuclear submarine. All the observed polynyas, and they were detected through the periscope quite confidently, since it was July, a polar day, were plotted on a grid map. True, the observer in the hold was not very comfortable.

The initial plan of the campaign was to reach parallel 84°N, evaluate the quality of the equipment, try to surface in the ice hole if it was not found, return south of the ice edge and report the results of the voyage to the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy.

After a long search, a hole suitable for ascent was found. During its search and ascent, the submarine maneuvered intensively, as a result, all gyrocompasses moved out of the meridian by more than 10°. While stationary in the ice hole, direction finding and measurement of sun altitudes were carried out to determine the corrections of all course indicators and the location of the nuclear submarine. To measure altitudes, navigation sextants and an artificial horizon sextant (with a bubble vertical) IAS-1 (integrating aviation sextant) were used. All the navigators and not only them were involved in this action. Even the commander of the flotilla, Rear Admiral A.I. Petelin shook his head and took the “high-rise”, asking me to perform the appropriate calculations.

Settled in the wardroom D.E. Erdman, where navigators and volunteers reported the results of observations and calculations, calculated the position line. Receiving additional data from the next observer, he plotted a position line with a corresponding mark on the grid map. At that time we did not have long-range radio navigation systems, so the astronomical method of determining the location was considered the only one.

The submarine passed the North Pole at 6:59 a.m. July 17, 1962, after which she walked another 22.5 miles and, not finding the ice hole, turned in the opposite direction. The sea depth at the pole measured by an echo sounder turned out to be 4115 m. Subsequently, we surfaced in polynyas several times, but the cloudiness did not always allow us to determine the location and corrections of the course indicators.

All the ship's equipment worked quite reliably during the ice navigation. This even prompted the senior assistant commander of the nuclear submarine G.S. Pervushin, who once again toured all the compartments of the submarine, spoke on the ship’s broadcast and urged the personnel not to be deluded by the successful progress of the voyage and not to lose vigilance when keeping watch at combat posts.

During the last ascent into the ice hole, the commander received an order via radio to arrive at the Yokanga base by the end of the day on July 20. During the approach to the base, it became known that N.S. was waiting for the submarine. Khrushchev.

When we moored, all off-duty personnel were gathered in the gymnasium. Soon, members of the government headed by N.S. arrived there. Khrushchev, command of the Armed Forces and Navy. We were read a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, according to which Rear Admiral A.I. Petelin, captain 2nd rank L.M. Zhiltsov and engineer-captain 2nd rank R.A. Timofeev (commander of the electromechanical combat unit of the submarine) was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. All other participants in the campaign were awarded orders and medals, which were presented by N.S. Khrushchev.

After the solemn ceremony, three Heroes of the Soviet Union were invited to the destroyer for a tea party, during which L.M. Zhiltsov complained to N.S. Khrushchev that one sailor, a participant in the campaign, was left without a reward. It turned out that this sailor should not have gone on approach, since during the pre-cruise period he was temporarily assigned to the crew to carry out repair work. But he, being in the hold, was so carried away that he did not hear the command “for those not going on a hike to go ashore.” However, there was no broadcast in the hold. The “Hare” was discovered only after the submarine sank. He was not included in the lists of those who went to sea left in the database, but during the campaign he behaved diligently and skillfully coped with his duties, however, he was not included in the lists of awards.

The amused Nikita Sergeevich ordered to reward the under-ice “hare”. The sailor was awarded a medal.

Gyrocompasses showed stable operation when swimming at constant courses, speed and diving depth, but up to a latitude of 88.5°N. When maneuvering under ice, their errors usually exceeded 9-10°N, and the sign of the error was, as a rule, the same for everyone. The optimality of the chosen coordinate system was confirmed both in terms of the universality of its use in traditional means of that time, and from the point of view of the convenience of the navigator’s work.

The magnetic compass showed quite stable operation, which was unexpected to a certain extent. However, one might say, the rest of the navigational equipment did not disappoint either. Except that no, no, and the echometers failed, without any variety of failures, so it didn’t take much time to find the causes of this or that malfunction. The fundamental disadvantage of the echo-ice meters of the type we used was the small operating limit of the hydrostat, which measures the distance to the water surface. At a diving depth greater than the calculated depth, the ice gauge did not determine the thickness of the ice; the echo sounder part recorded only the distance to the lower surface of the ice, but clear water could be distinguished from ice by the nature of this recording.