Ultrasound of the abdominal cavity with tsdk. Indications for a fetal Doppler study. Preparing for a Doppler Exam

Sometimes a standard ultrasound examination (ultrasound) is not enough to establish an accurate diagnosis, since it is not the structure of the organ itself that is disturbed, but the blood circulation in it. Then color Doppler mapping (CDC) comes to the rescue. A study such as ultrasound with color flow is a reliable method for diagnosing blood flow disorders in organs. The method is used for suspected thrombosis, occlusion of the vessel and dysfunction of the heart.

Ultrasound with color flow is based on the Doppler Effect - the ability of an ultrasonic wave to change frequency as it approaches or moves away from an ultrasonic transducer. That is why the examination is relevant for assessing the characteristics of the blood supply to organs and tissues. In this case, the objects, the approach or removal of which is determined by ultrasound, are erythrocytes. The scanner of the ultrasound machine simultaneously generates and perceives ultrasonic waves.

When performing ultrasound in color Doppler mode, a red-blue image is displayed on the screen. The blood flow towards the scanner is coded in red, and away from it in blue. Hence the name of the method - CDM. A standard ultrasound examination shows an accurate black and white image of the structure of the organ. Thus, conventional ultrasound in combination with color Doppler helps to obtain complete information about the processes that occur in the area of interest of the body.

What they watch and when they prescribe

The color flow mode on the ultrasound machine allows you to see the following changes in the vessels:

blood clots and foreign bodies;
atherosclerotic plaques;
wrong direction of blood flow;
change in the speed of blood flow;
narrowing or expansion of the lumen of blood vessels (arteries and veins);
aneurysms;
violation of blood circulation inside the cavity of the heart, improper functioning of valvular structures;
the presence or absence of blood flow in organs or neoplasms.

The main situations when CDC diagnostics are prescribed:

painful and uncomfortable sensations in the limbs, neck and head, in the abdomen and chest;
headaches, dizziness, episodes of loss of consciousness;
swelling in the legs;
visual expansion of the saphenous veins of any area;
convulsions, heaviness, pain in the lower extremities;
cold extremities with a change in their color;
long-term non-healing wounds, leg ulcers;
the presence of a volumetric formation of an unspecified nature of any localization (organs of the small pelvis and abdominal cavity, genitourinary system, mammary glands, thyroid gland);
suspicion of impaired blood flow in the mother-fetus system during pregnancy.

Pregnant women with ultrasound with CDC are prescribed in the following cases:

the presence of adverse background diseases (diabetes mellitus, neurocirculatory dystonia, hypertension);
Rhesus conflict;
cord entanglement;
changes in the properties of amniotic fluid in the uterine cavity;
multiple pregnancy;
incorrect presentation of the fetus;
preeclampsia;
intrauterine growth retardation;
large fruit;
anomalies in the development of the child;
sudden deterioration in the condition of a pregnant woman.

Are there possible contraindications

There are no absolute contraindications for ultrasound with CFD. This research method is safe for health, so it is often prescribed several times - in dynamics - to correct the ongoing treatment. For example, with thrombosis, vascular aneurysms, during childbearing.

There may be situations when ultrasound and Doppler examination is difficult. These are relative contraindications:

skin diseases or mechanical damage, skin burns in the area, the study of which is necessary;
the general serious condition of the patient, if he is unconscious, cannot move independently, follow the doctor's commands;
a recent diagnostic EGD or colonoscopy, after which gases accumulate in the intestine, making it difficult to visualize. This is a relative contraindication for CDI in diseases of the abdominal cavity and small pelvis.

Ultrasound of the fetus with CDC is not done until the 23rd week of pregnancy, since at an early stage the procedure will still not provide the necessary information.

Decoding and norms

Deciphering the CDI indicators is complex and requires special training for a specialist who knows the technique of conventional ultrasound diagnostics. Therefore, you will not be able to identify any pathology on your own by looking at the protocol for examining an ultrasound scan with color doppler. When conducting color Doppler, the doctor of functional diagnostics evaluates the following parameters:

linear velocity of blood flow;
direction of blood flow;
vascular pulsation;
vessel lumen width;
the presence of thrombosis, foreign bodies in the lumen of the vessel;
resistance index - the density of the vascular wall;
the presence or absence of blood flow in a given area;
the presence of aneurysms, anomalies in the structure of the vessel;
blood circulation directly inside the cavity of the heart.

Accelerated blood flow through the CDC may be a sign of vasoconstriction. Slowdown is possible with insufficient contractility of the wall of the vessel or heart, which cannot push the blood with due force. Narrowing of the vessel is observed in atherosclerosis, thrombosis, compression by a foreign body; expansion - with varicose veins, the presence of an obstruction to blood flow.

It is especially important to determine the direction of blood flow by ultrasound with CDC in case of heart defects, when it is diagnosed whether there is a backflow of blood from one chamber to another (regurgitation), whether there is a mixture of arterial and venous blood. In particular, this is how indications for surgical treatment are determined.

Sometimes it is important to determine whether there is blood flow in the organ at all - its sharp decrease leads to the death of a tissue area and the development of complications. It is also important to understand whether the mass is supplied with blood, especially if it is planned to be surgically removed. This predicts the risk of bleeding.

Preparation and holding

Special preparation for the procedure of ultrasound with CFD is not always required. For example, if you were prescribed an examination of the vessels of the extremities, neck, thyroid gland, placental blood flow, then the main preparation is to remember to bring a sheet and wet wipes with you to remove the gel, you don’t need to do anything else.

If there is a CDI of the abdominal organs, small pelvis, kidneys, then it is important to follow the following instructions:

3 days before the procedure, refuse products that cause flatulence - such as cabbage, legumes, pastries.
Do not take any food for about 8 hours before the start of the study, it is only allowed to drink non-carbonated water.
In some cases, it is recommended to take Espumizan, activated charcoal, or other sorbents 6-7 hours before an ultrasound with a CDI, so that the gas formed in the intestine has time to resolve.

The procedure itself is usually performed in the horizontal position of the patient, sometimes the doctor asks to throw back the head, bend the knees, turn to the side, etc. This is necessary for the convenience of installing the sensor and gaining access to deep vessels, the visualization of which can be difficult. A hypoallergenic transparent gel is applied to the area under study to eliminate the air gap that reduces image clarity.

On the monitor screen, the blood supply zones will be displayed in red and blue, the numbers show all the characteristics of the blood flow through the vessels. The doctor enters the results of the TsDK in the ultrasound protocol, as a rule, immediately during the examination. The duration of the procedure usually varies from 15 to 30 minutes depending on the area being examined. After its completion, do not forget to wipe off the gel from the skin and wait for the result.

Where to do it and how much does it cost

The study is carried out if there are indications free of charge under the compulsory medical insurance policy in many hospitals and city clinics, subject to the availability of the necessary equipment and trained specialists. If desired, ultrasound with the CDI regimen can be paid or under the VHI policy in private medical centers involved in functional diagnostics. The price of the procedure depends on the area of study, the cost of the ultrasound machine, and the qualifications of the doctor. The average price for a CDC is from 1,000 to 4,000 rubles.

Color Doppler mapping is an informative technique that allows you to identify problems with blood flow in various organs and tissues, as well as to see in dynamics how effective the treatment is. In combination with the classic ultrasound examination, the CFM allows you to get complete information about the state of the organ and how impaired blood supply affects its work.

Dopplerography and its various varieties (for example, color doppler) are currently considered one of the most progressive and effective methods of study. It is thanks to them that it is possible to prevent the development of serious diseases in time and restore the health of both an adult patient and an unborn child. As a rule, Doppler ultrasound is combined to obtain more extensive information.

Do pregnant women need preparation before the examination?

So, how to prepare for the study of the color flow, provided that ultrasound is also used. As in most cases, when a doctor uses various types of dopplerography, a woman will not need any special preparation. The only thing to consider is the effect of nutrients on the blood flow of the child and mother. Therefore, it is best to start the examination only two hours after eating.

How is the study going

Color dopplerography is performed in the same way as a conventional ultrasound: following the instructions of the doctor, you need to lie down or sit down and do nothing else. The specialist applies a special gel to the skin, with the help of which the sensors slide over the patient's body. Nothing will be injected into the body.

ultrasound examination

Research results

During the examination, the doctor will be able to see in detail all the anomalies and problems of the patient, and only then will he begin treatment. Having received the results in your hands, you should not try to figure it out on your own and look for unpleasant diagnoses. Either the attending physician or the specialist who conducted the examination will tell you everything you need.

Other diagnostic methods

In addition to CDC combined with ultrasound, patients can be referred to a number of other studies that are no less effective:

. This is another modern technique that is currently being actively tested and put into practice.
, devoid of direct visualization of blood vessels.
Duplex studies, which are auxiliary methods.

Conclusion

When figuring out what is CDI, it should be borne in mind that this is one of the most progressive methods, which makes it possible not only to comprehensively examine the internal organs, but also to prevent the development of various harmful processes, thereby restoring the patient's health.

Doppler is a method of ultrasound examination based on the Doppler effect. The effect is to change the frequency of ultrasonic waves when they are reflected from moving bodies. The method is widely used in the study of the vascular bed. Here, in the role of moving bodies, blood cells (erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes) act. Color Doppler imaging (CDC) is also used. The essence of the method is to register blood flow velocities coded in different colors. The resulting color picture is superimposed on a two-dimensional image. Such images are called cartograms.

In Doppler sonography, erythrocytes act as moving elements, allowing you to see the scheme and indicators of the vascular bed.

What organs are being examined?

The vascular bed of the small pelvis is included in the list of anatomical formations diagnosed using ultrasound. Recall the boundaries of the small pelvis: in front - the pubic joint, behind - the sacrum, on the sides - the pelvic bones. The pelvic organs include:

bladder and ureters;
rectum;
the genital organs of men - the prostate, spermatic cords and seminal vesicles;
female reproductive organs - uterus, ovaries, vagina.

Most diseases of the pelvic organs are accompanied by impaired arterial and venous circulation. The optimal period for Doppler examination of women is the first or second period of the menstrual cycle: 5-7 days.

Affected arteries in the pathology of the organs of the reproductive system:

uterine veins and arteries (in women);
lower vesical arteries supplying the prostate gland (in men);
prostate veins;
veins of the seminiferous tubules;
vessels of the penis.

General indications for a pelvic ultrasound procedure:

pain in the pubic region of a different nature (in men and women);
suspicion of varicose veins of the small pelvis;
suspicion of vascular neoplasms;
thrombosis of veins and arteries of the pelvic organs;
compression of the arteries by a neoplasm;
congenital malformations of the veins and arteries of the small pelvis.

Indications for the procedure of ultrasound of the genitourinary system in women:

diagnostic search for neoplasms of the uterus and ovaries;
determining the cause of miscarriages;
assessment of the nature of the blood supply to uterine fibroids;
monitoring the course of pregnancy;
search for the cause of the ineffectiveness of in vitro fertilization.

Monitoring the course of pregnancy is one of the main reasons for prescribing Doppler ultrasound of the uterine vessels.

Doppler research capabilities:

detailed examination of the uterine, ovarian arteries;
diagnosis of blood flow in the endometrium;
study of the blood supply to the ovarian tissue.

Description of the technique

To conduct color flow, as in the case of conventional two-dimensional ultrasound, no preparation is required. This procedure, like all ultrasound methods, does not cause pain and is absolutely safe. Subject position: supine.

A layer of a special gel is applied to the examined area of the patient's skin. Its main property is to improve the transmission of ultrasound, as it prevents air from entering between the transducer and the skin. Next, the doctor firmly presses the sensor to the patient's skin and begins the procedure.

During the CDC, the patient is forbidden to move. This is due to the fact that the movements impede the passage of ultrasonic waves. Thus, the quality of the results may deteriorate drastically. Also, the doctor often asks to hold your breath for a couple of seconds to improve the quality of the image.

The Doppler examination procedure does not bring discomfort to the patient. At the end of the TsDK, the patient removes the remnants of the gel from the skin with a napkin. During the study, an image is displayed on the screen indicating the parameters of interest. This allows the doctor to make a conclusion already in the process of diagnosis.

Research Opportunities

With the help of color doppler, you can evaluate the speed and quality of blood circulation in the vessels. Based on the results of the study, information about the vessels is obtained in real time.

The advantage of dopplerometry is the availability of mobile ultrasound machines that allow you to examine the patient at his bedside. Also, the advantages are the low price of the study and harmlessness, which allows it to be used for examination of pregnant women.

Ultrasound provides accurate information about changes in blood flow in the vessels. With the help of a Doppler study with color flow, vascular patency is assessed based on data on the speed and direction of blood flow.

Plain Doppler, unlike duplex scanning, cannot visualize a vessel. Thus, the detection of pathology in the structure of the vessel with dopplerometry is impossible. At the same time, dopplerometry is an important component in the diagnosis of inflammatory and tumor processes in the reproductive organs.

Dopplerometry allows you to diagnose the following pathological conditions:

congenital malformations of the uterus and fallopian tubes;
inflammation in the uterus and ovaries;
adhesive process in the lumen of the fallopian tubes;
myoma nodes;
neoplasms of the uterus and ovaries;
neoplasms of the prostate;
purulent process in the prostate gland;
varicose veins of the spermatic cord;
deformation of the penis.

On dopplerometry in women, inflammation of the uterus and ovaries is easily determined.

Dopplerography of the pelvic vessels during pregnancy

Often dopplerometry is performed on pregnant women. Doctors perform this procedure at 23-24 weeks of pregnancy. With the help of the study, an ultrasound picture of the blood flow in the organs of the pregnant woman and the fetus is obtained. The technique is completely safe for pregnant women and their unborn children.

Conducting dopplerometry during gestation is similar to a simple ultrasound examination. The difference lies in the fact that the scan is carried out with a Doppler transducer. With its help, the speed of blood flow in the uterine vessels, umbilical cord is determined, and the following conditions are excluded:

detachment of the maternal part of the placenta;
entwining the unborn child with the umbilical cord;
pathology of placental blood flow;
congenital malformations of the child's heart.

Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that this method is the most informative than other ultrasonic methods. This non-invasive technique gives a complete picture of the course of the pathological process, in which it is not inferior to invasive methods.

According to statistics, 20% of all births are accompanied by entanglement of the umbilical cord, while the most common option is the presence of a single entanglement in the neck of the fetus.

In connection with the development of the method during pregnancy, as well as with a thorough study of the fetal blood flow, it has become very easy to diagnose entanglement.

But what does this information mean? Often this complication scares pregnant women.

Most women are concerned about questions such as: is the entanglement of the umbilical cord always accompanied by impaired fetal circulation? Is this an indication for surgery? Let's try to figure out how dangerous it is and whether a caesarean section is justified in this situation.

In order to understand what functions the umbilical cord performs, it is necessary to know its simplified anatomical structure. The umbilical cord is a helically twisted tube in which vessels pass: two arteries and one vein. These vessels are surrounded by a tissue that has a jelly-like consistency, due to which it received the name "vartan jelly".

So, the umbilical cord is an important part of the feto-placental system. In addition to the transport function (transfer of blood to the fetus), the umbilical cord is involved in a very important process - the regulation of the flow of incoming blood. Due to a change in the diameter of the umbilical cord, under the influence of various factors, the volume of blood entering the fetus can change. As mentioned above, the lumen of the umbilical cord contains vartan jelly.

This tissue protects arteries and veins from compression and performs, in fact, a shock-absorbing function. It is for this reason that the arteries and vein are protected from the influence of external factors. This function is extremely important for maintaining optimal blood flow even when exposed to adverse factors.

What are the reasons for entanglement?

Considering that entanglement occurs in 20-25% of women in labor, there are many reasons that cause this complication:

An elevated fetus can lead to a loop of the umbilical cord in the neck.
creates an additional opportunity for the appearance of entanglement.

With an increase in the volume of amniotic fluid, the space for the movement of the fetus increases, as a result of which a loop of the umbilical cord around the neck of the fetus can appear even very late in pregnancy, and in rare cases even immediately before childbirth.

At first glance, the connection between hypoxia and the appearance of entanglement is completely incomprehensible. But it is precisely the insufficient supply of blood enriched with oxygen that causes an increase in the motor activity of the fetus.

Physiologically, this fact is explained as follows: muscle contractions help increase the speed of blood flow in the circulatory system of the fetus. And therefore, the fetus, experiencing hypoxia, makes movements more often, as a result of which the risk of entanglement increases.

The whole difficulty of this situation lies in the fact that when a loop of the umbilical cord appears in the neck, the blood flow may worsen, as a result of which hypoxia becomes more pronounced.

This creates a "vicious cycle" in which the condition of the fetus gradually deteriorates.

High birth parity.

Parity refers to the number of previous pregnancies and births a woman has. The higher this figure, the lower the tone of the uterus, as well as its contractility. As a rule, in many women who have given birth, the anterior abdominal wall is overstretched, which creates the prerequisites for. Due to the increase in space inside the uterus, it is likely that the fetus will have a high motor activity.

Too long umbilical cord.

Normally, the length of the umbilical cord should be about 50 cm. A significant increase in this parameter is fraught with an additional risk of entanglement. With a very long umbilical cord, double or even triple entanglement is possible.

Methods for diagnosing the entanglement of the umbilical cord around the neck of the fetus

The main method for diagnosing this complication is an ultrasound examination using the Doppler effect.

Thanks to this technique, it is possible to thoroughly study the number of vessels, as well as the nature of the blood flow in them. Thanks to the Doppler study, the arteries are stained red, and the veins are blue.

By counting the number of vessels around the fetal neck, it is possible to determine with a high degree of certainty what kind of entanglement (one-, two- or three-fold).

If there are 3 vessels in the neck area, then the entanglement is single, if 6 - double, if 9 - triple.

Another important advantage of the Doppler study is to determine whether there is a violation of blood flow in the arteries, because the entanglement of the umbilical cord can be tight or not tight. When determining the speed of blood flow in the vessels, it is possible to understand whether there are violations.

Consequences of a single entanglement

The dangers that entanglement is fraught with are different during pregnancy and during childbirth.

During pregnancy:

If the entanglement is not tight, and is not accompanied by impaired blood flow, then, as a rule, there are no complications during pregnancy.
If, according to the Doppler study, a violation of the velocity of blood flow through the arteries of the umbilical cord is revealed, then the following pathological conditions may occur during pregnancy:

Delayed fetal development. With prolonged hypoxia, the fetal weight may significantly lag behind normal values.
A pronounced tightening of the umbilical cord loop can cause acute intrauterine fetal hypoxia, which is an indication for.

Complications during childbirth:

Tighter tightening of the loop when the child passes through the birth canal.

It is no coincidence that in the presence of entanglement, every fourth childbirth is accompanied by hypoxia.

Asphyxia (impaired breathing) in a child after birth.
This happens especially often if the umbilical cord is short (less than 50 cm).

In this case, the length of the umbilical cord is not enough, and as the child moves along the birth canal, it tightens more and more. Such children are born with a bluish tinge of the skin. In severe cases, they may even need resuscitation.

Placental abruption during childbirth.

If the tension of the umbilical cord becomes excessive, then placental abruption and bleeding may begin. This is a very dangerous complication that threatens the life of the fetus.

Death of a child during passage through the birth canal.

This happens extremely rarely, and, as a rule, with a single entanglement of the umbilical cord around the neck of the fetus, such a situation is almost impossible. However, if, in addition to entanglement, there are also other obstetric pathologies (the presence of a true node), an incorrect position of the fetus, then the likelihood of such an unfavorable outcome of childbirth increases.

Thus, complications of umbilical cord entanglement can be very serious, but they usually occur in the presence of additional obstetric pathologies: a truly short umbilical cord, a narrow pelvis, the presence of additional knots on the umbilical cord, etc.

Features of conducting labor with a single entanglement

In order to minimize the complications that may occur during childbirth, you must adhere to the following rules:

Be sure to measure the size of the pelvis, as well as calculate the estimated weight of the fetus.

The pelvis should not be narrow, otherwise it may cause compression of the umbilical cord around the baby's neck during the passage of the birth canal.

In the first stage of labor, it is necessary to constantly monitor the fetal heartbeat with the help of.

A long recording will help to figure out if there are violations of blood flow in the vessels of the umbilical cord.

In the pushing period, it is imperative to listen to the heartbeat after each attempt.

If after an attempt the heartbeat is restored to normal levels, then childbirth can be continued.

You can not use drugs that enhance the contractility of the uterus (for example, "Oxytocin"), as it can provoke and aggravate the effects of hypoxia.
During childbirth, it is preferable to administer drugs that improve energy processes: "Cocarboxylase", "Glucose solution with ascorbic acid", etc.
Caution should be taken with the drug "".

Despite the fact that this drug is prescribed for hypoxia and improves uteroplacental blood flow due to the effect on circulation in small vessels, we must not forget that Actovegin is made from natural ingredients that can cause a severe allergic reaction in the form of anaphylactic shock.

When is cord entanglement an indication for a caesarean section?

A single entanglement around the neck is not an indication for operative delivery.

However, operative delivery is fully justified with a combination of entanglement and the following obstetric complications:

development in childbirth.
The combination of entanglement and other pathologies of the umbilical cord (true knot, anomaly of attachment of the umbilical cord to the placenta).
Mismatch between the size of the fetal head and the parameters of the pelvis.

conclusions

The entanglement of the umbilical cord is a borderline condition that can proceed both completely asymptomatically and cause very serious complications that threaten the life of the fetus.

In order to determine the degree of danger, as well as the risk of developing pathological conditions, one should not neglect additional studies before childbirth: a Doppler study is required, the identification of concomitant pathologies.

With a combination of several obstetric factors complicating the course of childbirth, the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome increases dramatically. Therefore, careful and attentive attitude to mother and child during pregnancy and childbirth is the most important task for an obstetrician.

Today, ultrasound is one of the leading methods for visualizing the anatomical structures of the body or the developing fetus. The diagnostic value of the method is difficult to overestimate. With its help, a detailed image of the internal organs is obtained, the dynamics of the development of pregnancy is analyzed, serious diseases are detected even before the onset of clinical symptoms. Increasingly, however, simply looking at the object of interest on a workstation monitor is not enough. There is a need to determine the functions of organs, the level of their blood flow or the state of the "mother-placenta-fetus" system. So, in such cases, it is necessary to use ultrasound with CFM.

Color (or color) Doppler mapping (CDM) is a special ultrasound (ultrasound) mode that allows you to examine the vessels, as well as the blood flow in them. This method is based on the Doppler effect - a change in the wavelength (in this case, ultrasonic) depending on the movement of the object of study (blood cells). In fact, this is duplex scanning with color mapping.

During the study, the ultrasound machine emits ultrasound, which is reflected from blood cells (erythrocytes, platelets, and others). Reflected waves are captured by an ultrasound sensor, analyzed and displayed on the screen as a color image. Therefore, the study is also called color (or ultrasound) Doppler.

The technique provides for a multi-colored display of fluid flows, the colors and shades of which on the screen depend on the direction and speed of their movement. During CFD diagnostics, the screen visualizes the circulatory system of the area under study, the blood flow, as well as its direction: the flow of fluid towards the sensor is marked in red, and away from it in blue. The result is a color scheme of the circulatory system of the examined organ.

When appointed

The TsDK-mode is necessary when the object of study is the circulatory system. In this case, it becomes possible to analyze objects and solve problems:

patency and diameter of large (main) vessels;
the structure and function of the chambers of the heart;
direction and speed of blood flow;
determination of abnormal circulation (for example, in tumors);
violation of the course of arteries / veins (pathological tortuosity);
the structure and thickness of the vascular wall (with aneurysms).

Hence, direct indications for ultrasound with CDI are trophic disorders of the tissues of the limbs or organs (for example, with hypertension or diabetes mellitus), congenital / acquired anomalies in the structure of the heart (mitral valve prolapse, septal defect, etc.), occlusive vascular diseases (thrombosis, atherosclerotic plaques , including heart attacks and strokes), disorders of the vascular walls and valves (aneurysms or varicose veins).

A Doppler study is also performed for pregnant women to determine blood flow in the umbilical cord in order to exclude fetal distress (in other words, hypoxia or lack of oxygen).

Preparation

Ultrasound with CFD does not require complicated preliminary preparation. However, when examining the abdominal organs (or the state of the mother-fetus system), it is worth abstaining from food 2-6 hours before the procedure. At the same time, it is recommended to take carminative drugs that eliminate excessive gas formation in the gastrointestinal tract (Simethicone, Kolikid or others), since the "air gap" can reduce the accuracy of the study.

It is worth noting that the principle of conducting a CFD study does not differ from ordinary ultrasound, but is part of it.

Contraindications

Today, ultrasound with CDC has no contraindications, which made this method the "gold standard" in the diagnosis of many vascular and anatomical pathologies.

However, there are a number of situations where CFD diagnosis can be difficult:

the presence of wound surfaces in the study area;
recent FGDS (fibrogastroduodenoscopy) / colonoscopy, which led to excessive accumulation of gases in the gastrointestinal tract;
the general serious condition of the patient, which limits the necessary manipulations.

What is in the ultrasound of the CDC and how much does it cost

TsDK is a part of ultrasound, therefore it is often carried out together with it. The price for an ultrasound examination in the color flow mode can vary from 1,000 rubles to 3,000-4,000 rubles, depending on the area to be examined. Thus, the cost of ultrasound diagnostics of peripheral vessels will be much lower than the price of such a study of the heart or main arteries.

Decoding: norms and pathologies

The result obtained during the study is an image in several projections in real time and scale. At the same time, the picture displayed on the monitor screen is able to display not only vascular anomalies, but also blood clots, plaques, thickenings, neoplasms, and even foreign bodies.

Thyroid gland

With ultrasound of a pathologically altered thyroid gland in the CDI mode, several types of blood supply (vascularization) can be detected at once, which may indicate a pathology:

lack of blood flow (with cysts or dense nodes);
marginal vascularization of the node (with benign formations);
intranodal blood flow (for malignant tumors);
mixed blood supply to the node (with hormone-producing tumors);
increased blood flow throughout the gland (with toxic goiter, accompanied by hyperthyroidism).

Normally, iron should be no more than 18/25 cm 3 (in women / men, respectively), without formations (nodes), as well as with uniform blood flow.

fetus

The cause of the pathology of the fetal blood supply - its hypoxia - can be both the mother's body (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, gestosis, pathology of the vessels of the uterus or placenta), and the fetus itself (chromosomal abnormalities - "cleft lip", "cleft palate", Down's disease and others ). Ultrasound diagnostics with Doppler examination allows to exclude/confirm any of the indicated deviations. At the same time, a specialist can assess the threat of miscarriage, premature birth or loss of a child, as well as diagnose placental insufficiency in time.

Ultrasound color flow data is also used to create a fetal biophysical profile (FPP), which fully reflects the intrauterine state of the child.

mammary gland

Ultrasound with CFD in the study of the mammary gland (on the same principle as the thyroid gland) allows you to determine malignant / benign formations, as well as mastopathy, mastitis, abscesses and other diseases of the mammary glands.

A normal mammary gland should be homogeneous and fine-grained with uniform vascularization, as well as no nodules or indurations.

Ultrasound with CFM is the latest diagnostic method, which is characterized by high accuracy and safety, which makes this study indispensable in modern medical practice.

Despite the fact that ultrasound diagnostics in the color flow mode is a highly accurate research method, the assessment of the data obtained is primarily done by a specialist. And the interpretation of the results depends only on him. This should be considered when choosing a diagnostician.