Severe anemia: causes. Anemia - symptoms and treatment Hypoplastic anemia, causes, diagnosis, treatment

Anemia (in other words, anemia) is a condition of the body characterized by a drop in hemoglobin levels. in the blood. A patient with such a disease needs serious treatment, which is prescribed in accordance with the severity and the cause that caused it.

Severity of anemia by hemoglobin level

Anemia itself is a condition that accompanies other pathologies and is not considered an independent disease. In this case, there is always a common symptom - a decrease in hemoglobin. As a result of this process, the respiratory capacity of the blood worsens and oxygen starvation appears.

Normal amount of hemoglobin in the blood:

in men from 130 to 180 g/l;
among women from 120 to 150 g/l.

In the human body, many pathological processes occur as a result of such an ailment as anemia. The severity according to the level of hemoglobin (their treatment differs in different intensity) in the blood is divided into 3 groups:

Symptoms and treatment of mild anemia

Usually, the mild degree of the disease is asymptomatic and is determined only on the basis of the results of a laboratory blood test.

Anemia. Severity according to hemoglobin level. Treatment at home is presented in our article

Sometimes the following symptoms appear:

Deterioration of concentration;
Rapid pulse;
Decreased performance;
memory problems;
Weakness, fatigue and fatigue;
Paleness of the skin and mucous membranes.

Each specific case of anemia has its own causes, which can only be identified by a doctor. For diagnosis, laboratory blood tests are prescribed. The most common is iron deficiency anemia, i.e. a decrease in the concentration of hemoglobin causes a lack of iron in the body.

Treatment for mild anemia often comes down to choosing the right diet. in order to normalize the level of hemoglobin in the blood. The recovery diet includes foods high in iron and B vitamins.

These include: red meat, liver, fish, eggs, nuts, spinach, beets, apples, pomegranates, carrots, tomatoes, greens, beans, buckwheat and oatmeal, bread, honey, etc.

It is important to know! At the first signs of even a mild degree of anemia, you should immediately consult a doctor to determine the causes that caused it as soon as possible. Self-medication in this case is unacceptable.

Signs of moderate anemia, its therapy

Moderate anemia has more severe symptoms.

As a result of an intense drop in hemoglobin levels and oxygen starvation of the blood, the symptoms of anemia are more pronounced:

Frequent dizziness;
Insomnia;
Loss of appetite;
Noise in ears;
Dyspnea;
Occasional increased heart rate;
Headache.

Treatment in this case should begin immediately according to the scheme prescribed by the specialist. Not only iron deficiency can cause anemia.

The lack of vitamins and minerals can also contribute to the development of this pathology, which can be expressed by the following symptoms:

Flashing dots in the eyes;
Skin swelling:
Bad memory;
Deterioration of the joints;
More pronounced pallor of the skin.

Therapy for anemia of moderate severity includes not only a properly selected diet, but also the intake of additional drugs, usually containing iron, minerals and B vitamins. The drug treatment regimen is prescribed depending on the cause that caused the pathological condition.

Symptoms of severe anemia, how to treat it

An indicator of severe anemia is a drop in hemoglobin levels to the lowest levels, which is accompanied by serious pathologies.

In addition to the above signs, this form of the disease is expressed by additional symptoms:

Tachycardia;
Muscular atrophy;
Urinary incontinence;
Changes in taste and olfactory sensations;
Myocardial dystrophy;
The appearance of blue eye proteins;
Stomatitis;
Deterioration of sensitivity;
Violation of the ability of the skin to heal.

Treatment of a severe form of the disease takes place in stationary conditions. Here, complex therapy is carried out in accordance with the identified diseases that are the source of anemia.

In this case, diet and drugs are not enough. Often at a severe stage, measures such as blood transfusion are required, intravenous administration of drugs, in emergency cases, surgery and bone marrow transplantation.

Be careful! An untreated severe degree of anemia threatens with a number of dangerous consequences. A drop in hemoglobin levels causes hypoxia (in other words, oxygen starvation). As a result, the internal organs stop working normally, which can be fatal.

Possible causes of anemia

Anemia can be due to several reasons. Mainly, this is a deficiency of vitamins, minerals, as well as other, more serious pathologies.

Iron deficiency anemia is caused by a chronic deficiency of an essential micronutrient - iron, which is involved in metabolic processes and is periodically excreted from the body. In order for iron consumption to be replenished, a healthy adult needs to consume 20-25 mg of this element per day. When this balance is disturbed, the hemoglobin level decreases.

This process can start:

Malnutrition (lack of certain foods);
Gastrointestinal pathologies that contribute to impaired absorption of iron;
Some chronic diseases;
Pregnancy and lactation;
Internal bleeding.

Anemia can be caused by a lack of vitamin B12.

Folate deficiency anemia is the result of insufficient intake of folic acid in the body. An adult body requires 200-400 micrograms of this vitamin per day. Folic acid affects the state of the blood, the renewal of organs and tissues, the intrauterine development of the fetus, and also blocks the appearance of blood clots. The causes of its deficiency are similar to the causes of iron deficiency.

Aplastic anemia can have several causes, including:

hereditary factor;
Chemical poisoning;
Autoimmune pathologies;
radioactive exposure;
infections;
Taking a number of medications.

Hemolytic anemia is expressed by premature destruction of red blood cells and is associated with impaired bone marrow function.

Sources of pathology:

Poisoning with pesticides;
Injuries;
severe infections;
genetic factor;
Taking certain medications.

Posthemorrhagic anemia is caused by acute or chronic blood loss.

The reason may be:

Anemia, predominantly iron deficiency, often occurs during pregnancy. The causes are often toxicosis, accompanying vomiting, as well as multiple pregnancies and poor absorption of iron. The presence of hepatitis or pyelonephritis in a pregnant woman increases the risk of anemia.

Sequelae of untreated anemia

Anemia that is not detected in time and not treated can have serious consequences. Degrees of severity according to the level of hemoglobin, the treatment of which was started untimely, have their own complications in each case.

Mild anemia has an impact on overall well-being, which can significantly reduce a person's quality of life.

Untreated anemia of moderate severity significantly exacerbates the negative impact on the general condition of the body. Complications can be:

Problems with skin and nails;
reduced immunity, resulting in frequent morbidity;
crash in the work of the gastrointestinal tract;
Chronic fatigue, irritability;
Violation cardiac function;
Edema.

Severe anemia and inappropriate treatment have the most serious consequences, because due to the extremely low level of hemoglobin in the blood, there is a long oxygen starvation.

Complications that may occur as the condition of the body worsens:

Development of heart pathology;
persistent headache;
Enlargement of internal organs and violation of their functions;
Vascular diseases.

Severe anemia in pregnant women is fraught with premature birth, placental abruption, bleeding, complications in childbirth.

Prevention of anemia

One of the main measures for the prevention of anemia is a balanced diet, which includes all the necessary products for the normal functioning of the body. These are foods rich in B and C vitamins, iron, folic acid, etc.

Approximately 20% of food products containing iron are of animal origin: meat, poultry, fish. Plant foods contain less iron, so vegetarians need to lean on red vegetables and fruits, apples, buckwheat, etc.

Note! Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) promotes better absorption of iron. Therefore, you should eat a lot of fruits, especially citrus fruits.

For the purpose of prevention, it is advisable to take a general blood test from time to time to identify the first signs of possible diseases, one of which is anemia.

Anemia is a dangerous disease, but with timely and proper treatment, there is a favorable prognosis. The main thing in such cases, at the first sign, is not to delay the visit to the doctor.

Anemia. Severity according to hemoglobin level. The treatment is shown in this video:

Anemia symptoms and treatment. How to increase hemoglobin in the blood, see this video:

Good day, dear readers!

In this article, we will look at anemia with you, and everything connected with them. So…

What is anemia?

Anemia (anemia)- a special condition characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin in the blood.

Anemia is predominantly not a disease, but a group of clinical and hematological syndromes associated with various pathological conditions and various independent ones. The exception is iron deficiency anemia, which is primarily due to iron deficiency in the body.

The most common causes of anemia are bleeding, deficiency of vitamins B9, B12, iron, increased hemolysis, bone marrow aplasia. Based on this, it can be noted that anemia is mainly observed in women with heavy menstruation, in people who adhere to strict diets, as well as people with chronic diseases such as cancer, hemorrhoids, stomach and duodenal ulcers.

The main symptoms of anemia- increased fatigue, dizziness, shortness of breath during physical exertion, tachycardia, pallor of the skin and visible mucous membranes.

The essence of the treatment of anemia and its prevention is mainly in the additional intake of missing substances in the body involved in the synthesis of red blood cells and hemoglobin.

Development of anemia

Before looking at the underlying mechanisms of anemia, let's briefly review some of the terminology associated with this condition.

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)- circulating in the blood, small elastic cells, round, but at the same time biconcave shape, the diameter of which is 7-10 microns. The formation of red blood cells occurs in the bone marrow of the spine, skull and ribs, in the amount of about 2.4 million every second. The main function of red blood cells is gas exchange, which consists in the delivery of oxygen from the lungs to all other tissues of the body, as well as the reverse transport of carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide - CO2).

Hemoglobin- a complex iron-containing protein found in erythrocytes. Hemoglobin, when combined with oxygen, is delivered by red blood cells through the blood from the lungs to all other tissues, organs, systems, and after the transfer of oxygen, hemoglobin binds to carbon dioxide (CO2), and transports it back to the lungs. Due to the peculiarities of the structure of hemoglobin, a lack of iron in the body directly disrupts the function of the normal supply of oxygen to the body, without which a number of pathological conditions develop.

As you probably already guessed, dear readers, gas exchange is possible only due to the simultaneous involvement of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in this process.

Below are the indicators of the norm of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood:

Doctors note the following mechanisms for the development of anemia:

Violation of the formation of red blood cells and hemoglobin- develops with a lack of iron, folic acid, vitamin B12 in the body, diseases of the bone marrow, the absence of a part of the stomach, an excess of vitamin C, because. ascorbic acid in large doses blocks the action of vitamin B12.

Loss of red blood cells and hemoglobin- occurs due to acute bleeding during injuries and operations, heavy menstruation in women, chronic bleeding in some internal diseases of the digestive system (ulcers and others).

Accelerated destruction of red blood cells, whose normal life expectancy is from 100 to 120 days - occurs when red blood cells are exposed to hemolytic poisons, lead, vinegar, certain drugs (sulfonamides), as well as in certain diseases (hemoglobinopathy, lymphocytic leukemia, cancer, liver cirrhosis).

Spread of anemia

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), anemia is present in a significant part of the world's population - about 1.8 billion people, most of whom are women, which is associated with the characteristics of the female body during the childbearing period.

Of particular difficulty with the timely diagnosis and differentiation of anemia are a large number of provoking factors and several mechanisms for the development of anemia.

Anemia - ICD

ICD-10: D50 - D89.

Symptoms of anemia largely depend on the type of anemia, but the main signs are:

Rapid fatigue, increased drowsiness;
Decreased mental activity, difficulty concentrating;
, the appearance of "flies" before the eyes;
Noise in ears;
Shortness of breath with little physical activity;
Seizures, as well as pain in the heart, similar to;
The presence of functional systolic murmur;
Paleness of the skin, visible mucous membranes, nail beds;
Loss of appetite, decreased sex drive;
Geophagy - the desire to eat chalk;
Haloz;
Irritability.

Next, consider the specific symptoms of anemia, depending on its type:

Iron-deficiency anemia- characterized by inflammation of the tongue, the presence of cracks in the corners of the mouth, an acute desire to eat earth, ice, paper (parorexia), concave nails (koilonychia), dyspeptic manifestations (loss of appetite).

B12 and B9 deficiency anemia- characterized by dyspeptic (loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting), weight loss, tingling in the arms and legs, stiffness in gait, dark red color of the tongue with flattened papillae, disorders in the central nervous system (ataxia, decreased reflexes, paresthesia), deterioration mental activity, reduced sense of touch, periodic hallucinations.

Hemolytic anemia- characterized by accelerated destruction of red blood cells in the bloodstream, which is accompanied by reticulocytosis, enlarged spleen, Marchiafava-Micheli disease, leg ulcers, redness of urine, delayed development (in children). With lead poisoning, the patient has nausea, severe abdominal pain, and dark blue lines on the gums.

Aplastic and hypoplastic anemia- are characterized by damage to the bone marrow sprouts and are accompanied by hemorrhagic syndrome, agranulocytosis.

sickle cell anemia- characterized by general malaise, weakness, fatigue, seizures and abdominal cavity.

Complications of anemia

Myocardial dystrophy with an increase in the size of the heart;
Functional systolic murmurs;
Heart failure;
Exacerbation of coronary insufficiency;
development of paranoia.

The causes of anemia largely depend on its type, but the main ones are:

1. Blood loss

The following factors contribute to blood loss:

Period (in women);
Multiple births;
Injuries;
Surgical treatment with heavy bleeding;
Frequent blood donation;
The presence of diseases with hemorrhagic syndrome -, and,;
Use in the treatment of drugs from the group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) - "Aspirin".

2. Insufficient production of red blood cells or their damage

The following factors contribute to the insufficient number of red blood cells in the blood:

Malnutrition, strict;
Irregular eating;
Hypovitaminosis (deficiency and trace elements), especially iron;
Hypervitaminosis, which in excess blocks the action of vitamin B12;
The use of certain drugs, foods and drinks, such as caffeine-containing ones;
Postponed, childhood infectious diseases;
Granulomatous disease, gluten-dependent enteropathy and others, lupus, chronic renal failure, the absence of part of the stomach or intestines (usually observed during surgical treatment of the gastrointestinal tract);
Bad habits - alcohol abuse, smoking;
Pregnancy;
A hereditary factor, for example, sickle cell anemia, caused by a genetic defect, in which red blood cells take on a sickle shape, because of which they cannot squeeze through thin capillaries, while oxygen delivery to tissues “cut off” from normal blood circulation is disrupted. In places of "blockage" pain is felt.
Hypoplastic anemia caused by the pathology of the spinal cord and stem cells - the development of anemia occurs when there is an insufficient number of stem cells, which is usually facilitated by their replacement with cancer cells, bone marrow damage, chemotherapy, radiation, presence.
Thalassemia is a disease caused by a deletion and a point mutation in hemoglobin genes, which leads to disruption of RNA synthesis and, accordingly, disruption of the synthesis of one of the types of polypeptide chains. The end result is a failure in the normal functioning of red blood cells, as well as their destruction.

3. Destruction of red blood cells

The following factors contribute to the destruction of red blood cells:

Poisoning the body with lead, vinegar, certain drugs, poisons with or;
Worm infestations;
The presence of such diseases and pathological conditions as - hemoglobinopathy, lymphocytic leukemia, cancer, liver dysfunction, kidney failure, chemical poisoning, severe burns, blood clotting disorders, enlarged spleen.

In addition, anemia can occur without any special manifestations, remaining unnoticed for many years, until it is detected during a medical examination and laboratory diagnostics.

Anemia is classified as follows:

According to the mechanism of development:

Anemia caused due to blood loss;
Anemia caused by an insufficient number of red blood cells and hemoglobin;
Anemia caused by the destruction of red blood cells.

By pathogenicity:

Iron deficiency anemia - due to a deficiency in the body of iron;
B12 and B9-deficient anemia - due to a deficiency in the body of cobalamins and folic acid;
Hemolytic anemia - due to increased premature destruction of red blood cells;
Posthemorrhagic anemia - due to acute or chronic blood loss;
Sickle cell anemia - due to the irregular shape of red blood cells;
Dyshemopoietic anemia - due to a violation of the formation of blood in the red bone marrow.

By color index:

The color index (CPI) is an indicator of the degree of saturation of red blood cells with hemoglobin. The normal color index is 0.86-1.1. Depending on this value, anemia is divided into:

hypochromic anemia(CPU -< 0,80-86): железодефицитная, талассемия;
normochromic anemia(CP - 0.86-86-1.1): hemolytic, aplastic, neoplastic, posthemorrhagic, extramedullary tumors, as well as those caused by a decrease in the production of erythropoietin;
Hyperchromic anemia(CP -> 1.1): B12-deficient, folate-deficient, myelodysplastic syndrome.

By etiology:

- Anemia in chronic inflammatory processes:

- - For infections:

lung;
bronchiectasis;
bacterial;
mycoses.

- - With collagenoses:

rheumatoid arthritis;
Horton's disease;
systemic lupus erythematosus;
nodular polyarteritis.

- Megaloblastic anemia:

hemolytic;
pernicious anemia.

By severity

Depending on the low level of hemoglobin in the blood, anemia is divided into severity:

Anemia 1 degree (mild form)- the level of hemoglobin is lowered, but not less than 90 g / l;
Anemia 2 degrees (medium)- the level of hemoglobin is 90-70 g / l;
Anemia 3 degrees (severe form)- the level of hemoglobin is less than 70 g / l.

According to the ability of the bone marrow to regenerate:

A sign of regeneration of erythrocytes by the bone marrow is an increase in the number of reticulocytes (young erythrocytes) in the peripheral blood. The normal rate is 0.5-2%:

Aregenerator anemia(aplastic) - characterized by the absence of reticulocytes;
Hyporegenerative anemia(iron-deficient, B12-deficient, folic acid-deficient) - the number of reticulocytes is less than 0.5%;
Regenerative anemia(posthemorrhagic) - the number of reticulocytes is normal - 0.5-2%;
Hyperregenerative anemia(hemolytic) - the number of reticulocytes exceeds 2%.

Diagnosis of anemia

Diagnosis of anemia includes the following examination methods:

Anamnesis;
General clinical analysis of urine;
Gastroscopy;
Colonoscopy.

How to treat anemia? Effective treatment of anemia in most cases is impossible without accurate diagnosis and determination of the cause of anemia. In general, the treatment of anemia includes the following items:

1. Additional intake of vitamins and microelements.
2. Treatment of individual forms of therapy depending on the type and pathogenesis.
3. Diet.
4. Treatment of diseases and pathological conditions due to which anemia has developed.

Treatment of anemia is carried out mainly in a hospital setting.

1. Additional intake of vitamins and microelements

Important! Before using drugs, be sure to consult your doctor!

As we have repeatedly repeated, the development of anemia is based on a reduced number of erythrocytes (red blood cells) and hemoglobin. Erythrocytes and hemoglobin are involved in the process of delivering oxygen throughout the body, and the reverse transport of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the body.

The main substances involved in the formation of red blood cells and hemoglobin are iron, and. The lack of these substances is the cause of most types of anemia, so treatment is mainly aimed at replenishing the body with these vitamins and iron.

2. Treatment of individual forms of therapy depending on the type and pathogenesis

Iron deficiency anemia, as well as in acute and chronic blood loss- treatment is based on the additional intake of iron preparations, among which are:

For parenteral use - Ferbitol, Ferrum Lek, Ektofer.
For internal administration - "Hemostimulin", "Tardiferon", "Ferroplex".

B12 and B9 deficiency anemia- treated with additional vitamin B12 and folic acid preparations, sometimes with the addition of adenosinecobalamin (coenzyme).

With effective treatment, there is an increase in reticulocytes on the 5-8th day of therapy, by 20-30% (reticulocyte crisis).

aplastic anemia- treatment includes bone marrow transplantation, blood transfusions, hormone therapy (glucocorticoids and anabolics).

With a rapid drop in hemoglobin in the body to 40-50 g / l and below, blood transfusions are used

3. Diet for anemia

Nutrition for anemia should be rich in, especially folic acid and B12, iron and protein.

What to eat with anemia: red meat, liver, fish, butter, cream, beets, carrots, tomatoes, potatoes, zucchini, squash, green vegetables (lettuce, parsley, dill, spinach and other greens), pistachios, hazelnuts, walnuts, lentils, beans, peas , cereal cereals, yeast, corn, seaweed, pomegranate, quince, apricot, grapes, apples, bananas, oranges, cherries, sweet cherries, freshly squeezed fruit juices, mineral iron sulfate-hydrocarbonate magnesium water

What can not be eaten with anemia, or limit in quantity: fats, milk, caffeine-containing drinks (coffee, strong tea, Coca-Cola), alcohol, flour products from pastry, food with vinegar, food with a high content.

Forecast

The prognosis for recovery of anemia in most cases is favorable.

The prognosis is serious in aplastic anemia.

Supplementation with iron, B12 and folic acid is also an excellent preventive method against acute respiratory diseases in children.

Important! Before using folk remedies for the treatment of anemia, consult your doctor!

Garlic. Pour 300 g of purified 1 liter of alcohol squeezed through a garlic press. Put the product in a dark place for infusion, for 3 weeks. Take this folk remedy for anemia, you need 1 teaspoon, 3 times a day.

Vegetable juice. Mix 100 ml each of carrot, beetroot and black radish juice, pour the mixture into an earthenware vessel and place it in a slightly preheated oven for 1 hour. You need to drink cooked stewed juice in 2 tbsp. spoons 3 times a day, 20 minutes before meals, for 2-3 months.

Juice. Mix together 200 ml of pomegranate juice, 100 ml each of carrot, apple and 70 g honey. Juices must be freshly squeezed. You need to take the remedy for 2 tbsp. spoons, 3 times a day, in a slightly warmed form. Store the mixture in a sealed container in the refrigerator.

Diet. The use of foods rich in iron, vitamins B9 and B12 is also an excellent tool in the treatment of anemia, of which pistachios, walnuts, seaweed, pomegranate, pears, apples, beets, carrots, tomatoes, greens, buckwheat and cereal cereals can be distinguished .

Prevention of anemia includes the following recommendations:

Anemia - video

That is, to a state where the blood cannot provide the body with nutrients and oxygen. Human blood consists of plasma and the cells in it - red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells. Red blood cells include a special protein (hemoglobin) that is able to accumulate oxygen that enters the body during respiration and transfers it to the tissues.

In this article, we will introduce you to the main signs of anemia, its manifestations, causes, possible complications, methods of detection and methods for increasing the level of hemoglobin in the blood. This article will help you understand the essence of this disease and ask your doctor any questions you may have.

Function of hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is a protein that contains iron.

Hemoglobin is made up of a protein containing iron ions that can combine with oxygen. Together with the blood flow, red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body and deliver it to the tissues. On the way back, hemoglobin collects carbon dioxide and carries it to the lungs.

Indicators of normal hemoglobin levels depend on age and gender:

in men - 130-170 g / l;
in women - 120-150 g / l;
in children, the norm indicators change depending on age and, by about adolescence, they are compared with those of adults.

What are the symptoms and signs of anemia?

With a decrease in the level of hemoglobin, the patient has signs of oxygen starvation of tissues. They are expressed in such symptoms:

pallor;
episodes;
noise in ears;
flashing "flies" before the eyes;
muscle weakness;
drowsiness;
murmurs when listening to heart sounds;
weakness;
cardiopalmus;
pre-fainting states and fainting.

In a severe form of iron deficiency anemia, the patient's hair begins to fall out, there is a transverse striation of the nail plates, brittle nails and inadequate addictions to smells that are unpleasant for healthy people.

Why does hemoglobin decrease in adults

There can be many reasons for a decrease in the level of hemoglobin in the blood:

adherence to irrational diets to lose extra pounds or poor nutrition for economic reasons;
violation of the production of red blood cells by the bone marrow;
hemolysis (shortening the lifespan of red blood cells);
chronic bleeding (, renal, pulmonary, etc.);
some species;
diseases of the stomach or intestines (, conditions after surgical interventions,) leading to impaired absorption of iron, vitamin B12, folic acid;
congenital diseases;
frequent dysfunctional uterine bleeding during hormonal changes or other causes of hormonal imbalance;
short intervals between pregnancies;
elderly age.

These causes of anemia are typical for both adults and children. However, in the younger age category, a decrease in hemoglobin in the blood can be provoked by other factors:

anemia in the mother;
fast growth;
vitamin B12 deficiency;
prematurity;
frequent colds;
blood diseases caused by genetic factors.

Types of anemia

Hematologists distinguish the following types of anemia:

iron deficiency - with insufficient intake of iron in the body with food, during pregnancy, with frequent or heavy bleeding;
(or pernicious, B12-deficient) - with a lack of vitamin B12, it is more often detected in the elderly and patients with diseases of the digestive system and helminthiases;
- during the breakdown of red blood cells, it is detected in patients with poisoning with various poisons, autoimmune disorders and hereditary diseases;
sickle cell anemia - with a genetically determined disorder in the structure of red blood cells;
congenital spherocytic - with a genetically determined disorder leading to the formation of rounded (instead of biconcave) erythrocytes, which are rapidly destroyed in the spleen;
- with a lack of bone marrow functions involved in the formation of red blood cells;
medicinal - when taking certain drugs (for example, antimalarials, sulfonamides or analgin);
anemia during pregnancy - in most cases, it is iron-deficient and is provoked by insufficient intake of iron and an increase in its need in the body that bears the fetus.

The severity of anemia can be mild, moderate or severe.

How is anemia diagnosed?

A blood test can help diagnose anemia.

After examining and questioning the patient, the doctor prescribes the following indicators:

erythrocytes;
reticulocytes;
hematocrit;
hemoglobin;
mean erythrocyte hemoglobin (MCH);
mean concentration of hemoglobin in erythrocyte (MCHC);
mean volume of erythrocytes (MCV);
distribution of hemoglobin by erythrocyte volume;
leukocytes;
platelets.

How can you raise your hemoglobin level?

Various drugs can be selected for the treatment of anemia, and the need for hospitalization of the patient depends on the severity of the disease. In addition to therapeutic agents, a special diet is recommended to the patient to increase the level of hemoglobin in the blood.

diet therapy

To increase the level of hemoglobin in the blood, the following foods should be introduced into the daily diet:

lean meats;
fresh juices;
fish;
caviar;
chicken and quail eggs;
whole grain cereals;
carbohydrate-containing vegetables and fruits: carrots, potatoes, beets, cabbage, peaches, apricots, apples, pears, etc.;
parsley and dill;
vegetables, fruits and berries containing vitamin C: bell peppers, currants, lemons, oranges, etc.

Treatment for iron deficiency anemia

With this form of anemia, if it occurs in a mild form, the patient may be prescribed a diet for a certain period of time to increase the level of iron in the blood. If this measure is ineffective, then drug therapy is recommended to eliminate anemia.

And in the blood, the following preparations containing ferrous iron for oral and intramuscular administration can be prescribed:

totem;
Aktiferrin;
Fenyuls;
Hemopher;
Sorbifer Durules and others.

Iron supplements should be taken one hour before or 2 hours after a meal. Against the background of their appointment, the patient should take succinic acid, vitamin E, fructose (in the absence of contraindications, it can be replaced with honey) and vitamin C, which contributes to a faster and more complete absorption of iron. The dosage of an iron-containing agent depends on the severity of anemia and the patient's individual sensitivity to a particular drug. As a rule, the patient is prescribed about 100-300 mg of iron per day.

In some clinical cases, ferrous iron preparations are prescribed not in the form of capsules, but in the form of injection solutions. Indications for their appointment are as follows:

surgical removal of part of the intestine or stomach in history;
malabsorption of nutrients in the digestive tract (, enteritis, gastritis, etc.);
preparation of the patient for surgery;
pronounced adverse reactions when taking oral forms of iron-containing drugs.

To increase the level of hemoglobin, the following iron preparations in the form of injection solutions can be prescribed:

Ferrum-Lek;
totem;
Venofer;
Ektofer and others.

With a decrease in hemoglobin below 60 g / l, the patient is prescribed a transfusion of red blood cells or donor blood. In addition, for a faster restoration of blood composition, vitamin preparations are introduced into the therapy plan.

salad of cabbage, bell peppers, carrots, herbs, beets, dandelion leaves - taken in the morning;
Pour 4 clover inflorescences with a glass of boiling water and insist for half an hour - take 100 ml 3 times a day for a month;
Mix 2 cups of chopped walnut skins with 1.5 kg of honey (preferably buckwheat) and leave for 20 days in a dark place, stirring the composition daily 2 times a day - take 1 tablespoon three times a day half an hour before breakfast, lunch and dinner.

Treatment for folate deficiency and B12 deficiency anemia

To increase the level of hemoglobin in such cases, injectable drugs are prescribed to make up for the loss of the component that triggers the development of anemia. The patient is prescribed vitamin B12 (Oxycobalamin, Cyanocobalamin) or folic acid.

Vitamin B12 preparations are administered intramuscularly for 4-6 weeks, and then the patient is recommended maintenance courses of these drugs, but already in the form of tablets.

Folic acid medicines are prescribed only in cases where the cause of anemia is determined by the results of laboratory tests.

Treatment of hemolytic anemias

When hemolytic anemia is detected, the doctor explains to the patient the danger of this disease and the need for its proper treatment, since in the absence of timely therapy, this ailment can lead to the development of the following complications:

DIC;
hemosiderosis of internal organs;
aplastic (or regenerative crisis);
anemic shock;
enlargement of the spleen;
subcapsular rupture of the spleen;
splenic infarction.

To treat this form of anemia, various drugs can be prescribed, and this point is explained by the fact that this blood disease can be provoked by various causes and has many varieties. The drugs used in this case should affect the mechanism that triggers the decrease in hemoglobin, and cause an increase in this blood indicator.

The appointment of such funds is carried out only after a series of blood tests. For this, they can be assigned:

folic acid;
immunosuppressants;
Desferal;
glucocorticosteroids;
immunoglobulin;
transfusion of red blood cells.

In some clinical cases, with hemolytic anemia, the patient is prescribed the removal of the spleen - splenectomy. Such an operation can be performed by classical access or by laparoscopy.

Treatment of hypoplastic anemias

The treatment plan for hypoplastic anemia is drawn up depending on the type of this disease. Drug therapy in such cases is aimed at interrupting the mechanism of the development of the disease. If this goal is achieved, then the patient's hemoglobin level rises. Therapy may include the following:

anabolic drugs;
Desferal;
Celeston;
antilymphocyte globulin;
glucocorticosteroids;
androgens;
immunoglobulin;
cyclosporine;
colony stimulating factors.

Treatment of aplastic anemia

The goal of treating such anemia is to eliminate the cause, interrupt the mechanism of development and eliminate the symptoms of the disease. If aplastic anemia is caused by toxic substances (for example, insecticides), then the doctor recommends to the patient measures aimed at eliminating the toxic factor as soon as possible. After that, normal hematopoiesis can stabilize and the level of hemoglobin in the blood will increase.

To eliminate microcirculation disorders in tissues and their hypoxia, the patient undergoes a transfusion of erythrocyte mass to increase the hemoglobin level to 80 g/l.
To eliminate the thrombocytopenia that occurs during the disease, the introduction of platelet preparations for parenteral administration is performed.

In the treatment of aplastic anemia, various bleeding may occur, for their prevention, the patient should abandon heavy physical exertion or reduce it to a minimum, which is set by the doctor. Such patients should stop taking drugs based on acetylsalicylic acid and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

If aplastic anemia is detected in women, then ovulation suppression agents are introduced into the bleeding prevention plan.

In the treatment of aplastic anemia, to eliminate the consequences of an insufficient number of leukocytes and neutrophils, the patient is recommended timely treatment and prevention of infectious diseases. With the development of these ailments and an increase in body temperature, the following drugs may be prescribed to the patient:

antiviral;
antibiotics;
antifungal.

If the fever is not eliminated against the background of such treatment, then the patient is prescribed means to stimulate blood formation or, in the absence of the necessary therapeutic effect, infusion of a mass of granulocytes into the vein.

In aplastic anemia, the following groups of drugs may be included in the treatment plan:

glucocorticosteroids;
cytostatics;
immunosuppressants.

If necessary, bone marrow transplantation from a donor is performed to treat the disease. After performing such an intervention, the patient restores normal hematopoiesis and anemia is eliminated. In some cases, even after such a highly effective and radical method of treatment, aplastic anemia can recur.

Treatment of sickle cell anemia

The diet of a person suffering from anemia should include a sufficient amount of foods rich in iron.

So far, scientists and hematologists have not been able to develop a treatment protocol for this type of anemia that would completely cure this hematological disease. That is why a therapy plan is used to combat the disease, providing support for the patient's health at a certain level.

In addition to prescribing medicines, a patient with such an ailment is advised to follow a proper lifestyle and conduct oxygen therapy courses (oxygen inhalation through a mask).
Patients should live in areas with a temperate climate, give up bad habits, drink at least 1.5 liters of fluid per day, exclude heavy physical exertion and choose a profession that would not be associated with exposure to sudden temperature effects and / or physical exertion.

In order to increase the level of hemoglobin and increase the number of red blood cells, patients with this disease are prescribed an intravenous infusion of red blood cells, and a drug based on hydroxyurea is used from medications. This chemical belongs to the group of cytostatics and inhibits the growth of tumors, and its mechanism of action causes an increase in hemoglobin levels.

To ensure the protection of the patient from infectious diseases, he may be prescribed:

antibiotics;
antimycotic;
antiviral agents.

The time of their appointment depends on the epidemiological situation or the presence of indications for surgical procedures associated with a high probability of developing infectious diseases.

Which doctor to contact

If signs of anemia appear - weakness, pale skin, dizziness, headaches - the patient should consult a therapist. After a detailed blood test, the patient is referred to a hematologist, who, in order to clarify the type of this disease, draws up a diagnostic plan and prescribes treatment for anemia. Further, the patient is recommended dispensary observation with obligatory periodic laboratory blood tests.

Anemia of the 2nd degree is a condition of blood in the human body with a low level of hemoglobin, a substance that is part of red blood cells. It performs the respiratory function of the human body at the cellular level. Oxygen entering through the lungs is absorbed into the blood, tends to form compounds with hemoglobin and be carried with it to each cell. In return, hemoglobin takes carbon dioxide from the cell and returns it to the lungs, thereby performing gas exchange in the body.

Causes and dangers of lowering hemoglobin

A decrease in hemoglobin disrupts the process of gas exchange, which affects all vital processes in the body. As a result, anemia of moderate severity can form. This is an intermediate stage, between mild and severe, moderate anemia is very important.

This is explained as follows:

With a mild degree of anemia, a person's condition often does not give noticeable signs of this condition, and only in the blood can one see a decrease in hemoglobin levels, this is 110 - 90 g / l.
The second is followed by an average degree, with which a person has symptoms of anemia, a blood test will have hemoglobin levels of 90 - 70 g / l.
If this period is missed and anemia is not treated, then a severe third degree sets in, in which irreversible consequences develop. With this degree in the blood, the hemoglobin level will be less than 70 g / l.

There are many reasons that affect the composition of the blood and contribute to the occurrence of anemia. They can be individual for each type and form of the disease.

But there are common ones that unite all varieties:

loss of blood of an acute or chronic course;
shortening the life cycle of erythrocytes;
failure of the bone marrow to perform its functions.

With normal blood composition, anemia can occur due to blood loss. This is due to a violation of the skin and mucous membranes by various factors. Trauma and surgery can lead to significant, acute blood loss.

Donors have blood loss from donating it in small amounts, incapable of harming them. In this case, the normal state of a person is quickly restored. With chronic bleeding, there is a constant, at first glance imperceptible, loss of blood.

This can happen for various reasons:

With heavy periods in women or with bleeding hemorrhoids.
Every cell in the human body has its own life cycle. RBCs have a normal lifespan of 120 days. This period can be shortened with a lack of proteins, vitamins B12, B6 and folic acid, as well as vitamin C involved in hematopoiesis or trace elements, copper and iron.
Also, hereditary disorders can affect the duration of the life cycle of red blood cells. Red blood cells born with a defect have an irregular shape and do not participate in the transport of gases. Such cells are rapidly destroyed in large numbers, this is called hemolysis.
The bone marrow ceases to perform the function of reproducing blood cells due to a deficiency of substances that contribute to this process or its replacement with fibrous or fatty compounds. Kidney disease and the development of endocrine disorders also affect hematopoiesis.

Symptoms of moderate anemia

For an average degree of anemia, vivid symptoms are characteristic, it is manifested by various external signs:

severe fatigue, even after sleep;
general malaise;
constant weakness;
tachycardia;
shortness of breath even with light exertion;

noise in the ears and flies before the eyes;
decreased mood;
change in taste preferences;
pale skin and blue circles under the eyes;
jaundice;
enlargement of internal organs.

A healthy person gets tired after work or playing sports. With severe anemia, fatigue becomes chronic and occurs without visible stress. Even waking up in the morning, a person already feels this feeling of fatigue.

The general condition of a person can be described as follows:

Constant general malaise and weakness, even with slight physical exertion, deprive a person of his usual activities. Also joins shortness of breath and tachycardia due to oxygen deficiency in the body. The heart, working with a vengeance, beats twice as fast as its normal rhythm in order to quickly deliver the missing oxygen to the cells.

The pressure in the vessels is low and insufficient blood enters the brain, thereby causing cerebrovascular accident, which is the cause of depressed, depressive mood, tinnitus and poor sleep. The reason for poor sleep and memory, distracted attention also lies in the disruption of oxygen supply to the brain.
Indigestion develops against the background of anemia due to changes in fermentation and thinning of the mucous membrane. This entails a change in taste preferences. Food previously consumed no longer attracts, and various inedible substances seem tasty and people eat it: earth, clay, chalk.
The appearance of a person also changes, the skin becomes first pale, and then yellow. This is reflected on the lips, they crack, these wounds do not heal even with their treatment.
The lower and upper limbs become numb, and sometimes there is a tingling sensation. Due to problems with the heart and kidneys, the legs swell, and a staggering gait occurs.

Diagnostic methods

A general blood test is sometimes enough to make a diagnosis.

But for a complete examination you need:

urine tests;
blood chemistry;
radiographic examination;
bone marrow biopsy;
endoscopy.

Wherein:

A blood test shows a low hemoglobin concentration and a decreasing red blood cell count.
The color of the urine is dark due to the excreted bilirubin in large quantities.
A biochemical blood test determines the amount of free, unbound hemoglobin in it, bilirubin, which in this state enters the liver for further utilization in it.
Ultrasound determines the state of internal organs and changes in them. The liver and spleen are enlarged, renal, gastric and intestinal pathologies are observed.
In women, the uterus is examined to identify the causes of uterine bleeding.

To determine hidden bleeding, endoscopy of the internal organs and intestines is performed. In case of violation of hematopoiesis, an x-ray of the bones is taken to diagnose pathologies in the bone marrow due to the growth of connective or adipose tissue, as well as in injuries, the presence of fractures and internal injuries is determined. A bone marrow biopsy determines the cause of the formation of defective red blood cells, as well as its cellular composition.

Treatment

Anemia of moderate degree is treated in the inpatient department, taking into account the diagnostic results and the causes that caused it.

The treatment regimen is selected for each patient individually and looks something like this:

identification and elimination of causes of blood loss;
the use of iron preparations according to indications;
the appointment of vitamins to improve blood formation;
blood transfusion;
medical nutrition;
symptomatic treatment;
hormone therapy;
splenectomy;
bone marrow transplant.

The resulting anemia due to bleeding cannot be fully treated without eliminating the causes that caused the loss of blood.

For this you need:

Stop the loss of blood from the internal organs in a surgical way.
Next, blood transfusion is performed to restore the normal volume of circulating blood in the body. Transfusion of blood and erythrocyte mass is also done with extensive hemolysis and leukemia, malignant anemia.

In almost all cases of an anemic condition, it is due to a lack of iron, except for hemolytic anemia. Therefore, treatment with iron preparations is prescribed immediately after the diagnosis is made and continues until the restoration of a normal blood picture.

Iron deficiency leads to impaired absorption of B vitamins by the digestive organs. Injections of vitamin B12, and for children also vitamin B 6, folic and ascorbic acids are also used to treat anemia. There is also a correction in the patient's diet.

Food products must contain:

iron;
protein;
vitamins;
trace elements.

For concomitant diseases from the internal organs and systems, symptomatic treatment is used. With inflammation and infections, antibiotic therapy and corticosteroid drugs may be used.

Sometimes, in order to cure anemia, it is necessary to remove the spleen. The splenectomy operation helps to stop the increased process of destruction of red blood cells or prevent the danger of rupture of this organ.

Pernicious anemia is treated by transplantation of red bone marrow and stem cells to restore blood formation. This requires a compatible donor. If it is not available, then cells for transplantation are taken from the patient himself, this treatment can improve the composition of the blood. Recovery occurs when a stable remission is achieved, when the concentration of erythrocytes in the blood test will be 120 g / l.

To prevent the disease, it is necessary to treat all diseases in the body in a timely manner. Periodically donate blood for analysis to control the concentration of hemoglobin in it. Human nutrition should be varied and contain foods with a high content of all the necessary vital substances.

Food must contain:

animal meat;
liver;
legumes;
greenery;
fruits;
vegetables.

Moderate exercise and walking in the fresh air improves blood circulation and respiratory function of the body.

Anemia of the 1st degree is the easiest manifestation of a whole complex of diseases that are characterized by a decrease in the concentration of hemoglobin or the number of red blood cells. As a result of anemia, many changes begin in the body, which are caused by insufficient oxygen supply to organs and tissues. Manifestations and pathological changes in the body directly depend on the severity of the course of the disease.

Classification

The classification of anemia is quite simple. They are distinguished depending on the causes of occurrence into the following types:

Posthemorrhagic anemia, which develops as a result of a decrease in the number of blood cells, erythrocytes, as a result of acute or chronic blood loss. Their causes may be trauma, heavy and frequent childbirth, heavy menstruation, stomach ulcers. In infants, posthemorrhagic anemia most often develops as a result of birth trauma, internal hemorrhages, placental bleeding, and hemorrhagic diathesis.
Hemolytic anemia results from the abnormal breakdown of red blood cells. This form of the disease is quite rare and occurs under the influence of various autoimmune and hereditary factors.
Deficiency anemia due to impaired erythropoiesis. This group of anemias is the most common. It includes iron deficiency anemia, which occurs in the vast majority of cases, megaloblastic anemia, due to a lack of vitamin or folic acid. Sometimes so-called multifactorial anemia develops, caused by a simultaneous deficiency of iron and B12.
Hypoplastic and aplastic anemia resulting from impaired bone marrow function. This variety is extremely rare. It is either hereditary or develop after severe chronic diseases, the action of drugs, chemicals.

In addition, to prescribe the correct treatment regimen, it is required to determine the degree of anemia by hemoglobin. This is calculated based on the deviation of the hemoglobin value from the norm. Hemoglobin is the main iron-containing coloring element of red blood cells, which is "responsible" for the transport of oxygen with blood throughout the body.

For an adult male, the hemoglobin concentration is 135 - 160 g / l. For women, this value is somewhat lower and ranges from 120 to 140 g/l. For children, the norm of hemoglobin content depends on age. These values are shown in the table:

Age

For teenagers over 16 years old, adult rules apply.

Causes

Most of the iron contained in the body is part of the erythrocytes, there are also reserves of this substance in the muscles, liver and bone marrow. The daily requirement of an adult for iron is about 10-15 mg. Of this amount, no more than 1.5 mg is absorbed into the blood, approximately the same amount is normal daily physiological losses with sweat, urine and feces. For children, the daily iron requirement for an infant is 0.5-1.2 mg, which increases with age, and a two-year-old child needs about 10 mg of iron per day.

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The causes of iron deficiency anemia are most often not too abundant, but chronic blood loss during hemorrhoidal bleeding, acute peptic ulcer, strong menstruation and other similar conditions. In the development of iron deficiency anemia, insufficient intake of iron from food or a violation of its absorption after undergoing surgery on the stomach also plays a certain role.

Often, iron deficiency anemia develops in premature babies, since many of the substances necessary for normal hematopoiesis are formed precisely in the last two months of pregnancy. The cause of this disease in infants may also be iron deficiency anemia of varying severity in a woman during the period of bearing a child.

B12 - deficiency anemia develops due to insufficient intake of this vitamin with food, since it is not synthesized in the body. B12 is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract with the help of a special enzyme called gastromucoprotein (also called the Castle factor). After resection of the stomach, with gastritis, chronic alcohol consumption, the secretion of the Castle factor sharply decreases and, as a result, B12 deficiency develops.

There are certain reserves of folic acid in our body. It also comes from food and is absorbed in the duodenum and ileum. This process can be disrupted under the influence of alcohol, long-term use of hormonal contraceptives, anticonvulsants, certain antibacterial drugs, in particular trimethoprim or sulfamethoxazole.

Clinical manifestations

Symptoms largely depend on the severity of the disease. Moreover, with each subsequent stage, existing symptoms are aggravated and new ones may appear.

Anemia of the first degree is almost asymptomatic. Sometimes a person complains of mild weakness, malaise, fatigue. There is a noticeable pallor of the skin, sweating, loss of appetite. Mild anemia in infants is characterized by increased excitability of the child, tearfulness, profuse regurgitation after feeding (or vomiting in older children).
Anemia of moderate severity is manifested by headaches, dizziness associated with insufficient oxygen supply. Children with this form of anemia get tired very quickly, they can hardly endure even the lightest physical exertion. A child under one year old may even experience a regression in the development of motor skills. Roughness or dryness of the skin is noted, very painful cracks in the corners of the mouth, digestive disorders may occur, which manifest themselves in the form of diarrhea or constipation, flatulence. From the side of the cardiovascular system, tachycardia, heart murmurs may be noted.
Anemia of the 3rd degree is characterized by changes in the structure of nails and hair (they become dull and become very brittle), hair loss, a feeling of cold and numbness of the extremities, a perverted perception of smells and tastes. Stomatitis and caries (up to tooth decay) may appear. Children may lag behind in physical and psychological development. On ultrasound of the abdominal organs, an increase in the liver and spleen is noticeable. If left untreated, severe anemia is dangerous and can cause extremely serious consequences.

The severity of symptoms may vary depending on the general condition of the child or adult suffering from anemia. Also, the likelihood of a particular clinical sign depends on the cause of the disease.

Diagnostics

It is possible to assume the development of this disease in oneself or in a child by a simple clinical blood test, which can be taken without a doctor's referral in any laboratory. When the concentration of hemoglobin drops below normal, it is imperative to contact a general practitioner or pediatrician.

Then a biochemical blood test is prescribed. There is a decrease in the amount of serum iron, the level of ferritin (a protein that maintains the supply of iron), and the saturation of transferrin with iron.

Naturally, the doctor pays attention to the general symptoms of anemia and conducts a comprehensive examination to determine what changes this disease has caused in the body.

Treatment of anemia of the first degree

Anemia of the 1st degree in children and adults is usually very mild and in most cases does not require medical correction. It is enough to make certain changes in the diet and daily routine. Long walks in the fresh air, moderate physical activity are recommended.

If anemia of the 1st degree is detected, then the diet for children and adults should be based on the following principles:

Increase your protein intake. To do this, you need to eat eggs, dairy products, liver, kidneys, fish and meat.
Limit milk and strong tea, as these drinks slow down the absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract. Preservatives, oxalates, phosphates and some drugs, such as antacids and antibiotics of the tetracycline group, have the same effect.
Instead of animal fats, vegetable fats should be preferred. It is necessary to use butter, dress salads with a variety of vegetable oils (sunflower, olive, grape and the like).
If the problem with being overweight is not acute, then the amount of carbohydrates in the diet can not be limited.
Vitamins C and group B contribute to better absorption of iron. Therefore, it is advisable to introduce products that contain them into the menu. These are citrus fruits, herbs, legumes, many berries, etc.
The use of iron-containing foods (beef liver, rabbit and turkey meat, buckwheat and oatmeal, millet, caviar).

It is worth noting that it is imperative to monitor the dynamics of the blood and control the level of hemoglobin. In most cases, with proper dieting, its value rises to normal numbers, and further prescription of drugs is not required.

Treatment of anemia 2 and 3 degrees

Therapy of anemia of moderate and more severe forms consists in the appointment of special medications, depending on the cause of the development of the disease. Thus, iron deficiency anemia requires long-term treatment with iron preparations at a dosage of 100-120 mg per day. It is worth noting that medication should be continued even after the patient's condition is normalized and hemoglobin levels are restored. This is due to the fact that in addition to eliminating the state of deficiency, it is necessary to replenish iron stores in the body. In most cases, for the convenience of the patient, medications are prescribed in tablets. Parenteral administration is indicated for violation of the absorption of this element in the digestive tract.

Treatment of B12 deficiency anemia is carried out with the help of injections of cyanocobalamin or hydroxocobalamin at a dosage of 400-500 mcg per day during the first week. Then they switch to maintenance therapy, during which the same injection is done once every 7 days. The total duration of therapy is about two months. In the event that the cause of such anemia cannot be eliminated, then it is necessary to give prophylactic injections of cyanocobalamin several times a year to maintain a normal level of B12.

Treatment of 2 and 3 degrees of folate deficiency anemia is the same. Assigned to 5 mg of folic acid three times a day.

Therapy for rarer forms of anemia is much more difficult. With hemolytic anemia, a long course of prednisolone is indicated. Aplastic anemia was previously considered incurable and often ended in death. At the moment, the treatment of this disease is carried out with the help of bone marrow transplantation.

Features of the treatment of anemia in children

Therapy of anemia should be carried out under the strict supervision of a physician. If babies are bottle-fed, then special mixtures with a high iron content are recommended. A child with iron deficiency anemia is advised to introduce complementary foods a few weeks earlier and start with applesauce and oatmeal and buckwheat porridge.

Anemia of the 2nd degree in children is not treated with a simple correction of nutrition. Requires the use of drugs that contain ferric iron. These are maltofer, ferrum lek, ferlatum, etc. With this form of the disease, they are given in the form of drops or syrup. Parenteral administration of drugs is indicated for anemia of the third degree. In parallel with these medications, multivitamin complexes are also prescribed, because this disease is accompanied by beriberi.

With the development of severe anemia in infants, recombinant human erythropoietin is also prescribed. These are drugs such as recormon, eprex, epokrin. The same drugs are also prescribed for premature babies born 4 to 5 weeks ahead of schedule. Usually the dosage of such drugs is 250 IU per kg of body weight three times a week, but the younger the child, the greater the dose required for effective treatment.

In addition to drug therapy, long walks, a strict daily regimen, and the elimination of psychological stress are recommended. The effect of the treatment of anemia in children is noticeable already on the seventh day. If there is no effect after two weeks of therapy, then a second examination is carried out or the dose of medication is adjusted.

In general, the most common types of deficiency anemia are easily treatable, even at the most severe stage of the course. However, taking medications can be avoided with a proper diet and an active lifestyle.